James H. Charlesworth translates text regarding Cain as a "dark calf."

Uncertain Syriac text indicating "black" or "sad."

Ali Ünal offers translation re: Cain.

LCE scribe writes C as "casting down" his face.

Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon offer translation of Kabbalah text re: C's curse.

Apocryphal account of Cain being killed by an arrow after being mistaken for an animal.

Paul Erdmann Iserts comments on alleged "Cain" origins for Africans.

Virginian law states that slave status is inherited from the mother.

Mexico abolishes slavery.

1830 census lists Sarah Hofheintz as a free black woman.

Revelation manuscript for D&C 20.

LMS letter to her family describing appearance of Moroni.

W. W. Phelps includes text of alleged revelation from Joseph.

Joseph's 1832 history giving earliest firsthand account of the vision.

JST manuscript for Psalm 14 which has similar verbiage to 1832 FV account.

Evening and Morning Star reports policy of not admitting Black people to the state or Church.

Phelps describes the violence faced by Mormons in Missouri.

Joseph Smith reveals "it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another."

David Child rejects the curse of Cain theory.

Wilford Woodruff lists Lydia Walker as a member of the Eagle Creek Branch.

OC writes to WWP on JS First Vision.

WWP letter to his wife saying he heard JS preach.

JS account of his First Vision from 1835.

Joseph signs ministerial certificate for Able attesting to status as elder.

Angelina Grimke criticizes use of Canaan myth to justify enslavement.

Joseph Smith discusses slavery in a letter to Oliver Cowdery.

Theodore Weld criticizes use of Canaan lore to justify slavery.

Wilford Woodruff serves with Joseph Ball on a mission.

Joseph Ball serves a mission in the East.

A writer to the Colored American criticizes the Cain myth.

Joseph's 1838 canonical history.

Joseph Ball has difficulty with other elders, which were settled.

Sarah Ann Mode Hofheintz listed as white in 1840 census.

James W. C. Pennington criticizes use of Bible lore to describe African origins.

William I. Appleby copies Abraham 1:26–27, describing priesthood restriction of Pharaoh, into his journal on May 5, 1841.

Book of Abraham states Pharaoh was restricted from the priesthood because of lineage.

1842 publication of JS 1838 First Vision account.

Joseph favors laws to prevent mixed race marriages.

Elijah Able holds calling as a seventy in Cincinnati.

J. C. Nott states that interracial marriage will produce infertile couples.

R. B. Lewis quotes Pompee Valentin-Vastey criticizing theorists who associate black people with Cain.

Joseph enforces anti-miscegenation law in Illinois.

Ball serves as chair of Joseph's Boston election committee.

IDR prints JS' account of the First Vision, where he sees two personages who are exactly the same.

Lucy Mack Smith conflates First Vision and Moroni visit.

John Taylor states that the descendants of Ham have black skin, and are "apostate of the holy priesthood" and that the abolitionists are trying to make void the curse.

Hyde uses premortal explanation to give an opinion on origins of Black people.

George Hales records evidence that Able still held the priesthood in 1845.

Apostle and Patriarch William Smith gives his reasons for opposing the leadership of Brigham Young and the rest of the Twelve.

Parley P. Pratt abstained from sustaining William Smith as an apostle and patriarch.

John Whittier sees Enoch Lewis preaching.

The United States declares war against Mexico.

Congressional act creating Utah Territory.

Wilford Woodruff records entering the Salt Lake Valley.

Florida law describing punishment for unlawful assemblies.

Entry for Oscar (Smith) Crosby in pioneer company records describes him as "colored."

Robert Campbell comments on William McCary and Lucy Stanton as couple.

Brigham says he doesn't care about the blood or color of McCary.

Pratt briefly articulates a rationale for a priesthood ban.

Brigham Young chides church members for dancing like black people.

William Appleby gives details on Walker Lewis's life.

Appleby writes that he is ashamed to meet a white woman married to a Black man.

William I. Appleby references the interracial marriage of Enoch Lewis.

Pioneer company records include Hark Lay (Wales).

List of Francis McKown's family in a wagon company roster includes 2 slaves.

South Carolina laws regulate the assembling of both enslaved and free African Americans.

An 1848 Alabama law requires masters to provide adequate food and clothing for slaves.

List of members of John Brown's pioneer company of 10.

Charles C. Rich's papers include bond relating to a man named Richard.

Brigham says that Africans are cursed descendants of Cain.

Wilford Woodruff writes a letter to Thomas L. Kane about slavery.

Official 1850 census schedule 2 lists the number of slaves in Salt Lake County.

List of slaves in the draft 1850 census for Utah Green River Precinct, shows "none."

Official Davis County 1850 Census Schedule 2 lists the number of slaves as "none."

The 1850 census (official) lists of slaves in Iron County.

The draft 1850 census lists slaves in Salt Lake County and Davis County.

List of slaves in Weber county in the 1850 census, shows "none" (original and copy).

William Smith states that Orson Hyde ordained William McCary.

Wilford Woodruff records receipt of a letter from Quaku Walker Lewis.

John M. Bernhisel reports to Brigham on events in Washington, D.C.

Brigham Young advises the residents of Iron County to buy and raise Indian children.

Brigham Young tells William Crosby that he does not support slave trading in Utah and comments on Green Flake.

Brigham states that the curse of Ham makes Black people servants and he forbids slavery.

Utah Territorial Legislature legalizes slavery in the territory.

Wilford Woodruff's summary of a February 13, 1849 meeting in which Brigham Young states that black people are inelligible for the Priesthood because of the curse of Cain.

John Fletcher writes that Ham's degraded condition resulted from marriage with the cursed race of Cain.

John Fletcher argues that Ham married a descendant of Cain.

Brigham expresses his views on slavery in the margins of the document.

Brigham Young explains how Sally Kahpeputz Young came into his household.

Wilford Woodruff reports that Brigham stated interracial marriage was worthy of death.

Brigham explains his racial rationale for slavery.

Brigham expresses opposition to slave abuse and support for Black service.

Transcription of Orson Pratt's antislavery speech.

Brigham denounces interracial marriage and gives an explanation for the priesthood and temple restrictions.

Brigham affirms the right of citizenship for Black people but denies the right of governance.

Brigham says that, as a prophet, he knows Black people are the children of Cain and "cannot bear rule in the priesthood."

Brigham says only God can take the priesthood restriction off.

Deseret News uses Cain rationale for ban.

Orson Pratt holds Africans and other groups have a "degraded parentage" and valiant premortal spirits "kept in reserve" will not receive their bodies.

Quaku Walker Lewis returns from Utah and reopened his barber shop.

Brigham highlights how all peoples, including "dark-skinned savages," are seeking salvation.

Orson Pratt offers premortal explanation of race and ban.

Amasa Lyman, writing for Agnes Flake, asks for Green Flake to be returned.

Record of Amy's death.

BY says Lord sent his angel to JS in First Vision.

David Lewis' probate record lists 2 Native American boys and 3 people of color.

George A. Smith expresses priesthood ban rationale.

Samuel Woolley provides an account of disciplinary action for interracial marriage.

Brigham considers "children of Ham" to be destined for "perpetual slavery."

Elias Smith records his involvement in the Williams Camp court case.

Bill of sale documents transfer of a slave from Abraham O. Smoot to Thomas S. Williams.

Probate registry for Jerry, Caroline, and Tampian by Duritha Lewis.

Probate registration for Shepherd by Diannah Camp.

Mississippi's 1857 codes on slave criminal offenses.

In a consecration deed, William Taylor Dennis lists an "African Servant."

Entry for Betty Brown's rebaptism in the Lehi Ward's records indicates that she is "colored".

Brigham includes "n---er stealing" among the "treasonous" actions of which other Americans could be accused.

Thomas Cobb says that there are not laws against raping an enslaved woman in the United States.

Abraham Lincoln rejects black equality with white Americans.

Nelson Winch Green reports Smith's recollections of the existence of enslavement of indigenous peoples in Utah.

Deseret News provides summary of court case A. B. Miller v. Thomas S. Williams over the ownership of two slaves.

Brigham says that Black people cannot hold priesthood office because of the curse of Cain.

The 1860 Census includes entry for Marinda Redd.

Brigham offers to buy enslaved Black man in order to free him.

1860 US census schedule 2 for Salt Lake County includes enslaved individuals.

US 1860 census schedule 2 for Davis County includes enslaved individuals.

US 1860 Census includes entry for Nancy Lines Dennis.

Horace Greeley records Brigham's comments on slavery connected to the curse of Ham.

Brigham criticizes the effect of slavery on soil.

The Parowan Ward's tithing records include John Burton.

BY mentions First Vision; gives JS age at 14.

Brigham Young says he would confer any blessing possible on Isaac Manning.

Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation.

Brigham says that interracial marriage warrants death.

Brigham attributes civil war to those who "wish to raise their negroes" while others "wish to. . . almost worship them."

Thirteenth amendment to the US Constitution abolishes slavery.

Terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia.

1852 Utah territorial act concerning Native American slavery.

Andrew Johnson's proclamation of the end of hostilities with the South.

Deseret News reports on minstrel scene as part of a performance.

1868 Relief Society instructions outline duties of "deaconesses."

RWH cites BY's quote to Greeley about black people.

Brigham teaches Lorenzo Young that nobody was neutral in the war of heaven and teaches the curse of Cain.

Brigham teaches that Cain was cursed with black skin.

The Ogden Junction reported that Moroni Able was ordained to the priesthood.

T. B. H. Stenhouse says he heard W. W. Phelps say that Joseph Smith first learned about polygamy translating the BOA papyri.

Eighth Ward Minutes record that Samuel Chambers is appointed assistant deacon.

Brown rejects Cain origin for peoples of African ancestry.

Thomas C. Jones records Samuel Chambers' testimony.

Eight Black Saints perform baptisms for the dead in the Salt Lake Temple in 1875.

Joseph commanded by angel to use water not wine for sacrament.

Smith reports on Able's mixed-race heritage.

Abraham Smoot recalls that Joseph told him that Black members should not be ordained to the priesthood.

First Presidency meeting minutes record John Taylor's conclusion that Elijah Able was ordained before the "word of the Lord was fully understood."

The U.S. Census reports that Harriet Church was listed as white and married to Thomas Church with eight children in Utah in 1880.

FS recites conventional thought re: premortal justification of restriction.

Alexander Doniphan describes the Mormon-Missouri War.

Taylor attributes priesthood restriction to Cain's descendance through Ham's wife.

Omaha Daily Bee mentions Latter-day Saint racial attitudes toward Black people and the baptism of slaves.

H. M. Turner comments on mixed-race marriage in 19th-century Utah.

Jackson County Banner reports on Elijah Able's missionary visit to Indiana.

William Smith recounts Joseph Smith's First Vision account.

George Q. Cannon expresses vision of kingdom of God, assuming blacks will not be members.

Jane Manning James indicates that her race was through Ham.

Jane Manning James requests endowment and adoption to Smith family.

JSR comments on hesitance for black baptism and black membership prohibition.

Henry Carroll recalls "Black" Pete's activities in Kirtland.

Manifesto (Official Declaration 1) declares an end to polygamy.

Abraham H. Cannon recalls that Brigham told Lorenzo Snow that blacks couldn't hold priesthood through premortal actions.

Official text of Wilford Woodruff's 1890 manifesto ending plural marriage.

In a Church periodical, George Q. Cannon states that priesthood ordinations "have been done by Elders when they thought children were likely to die."

George Q. Cannon notes the lack of interracial marriage in Utah.

Zina D. H. Young alludes to James's request to receive sealing/endowment.

George Q. Cannon articulates premortal designation for lineage.

Lydia Alder records Jane Manning James's patriarchal blessing being read during a May 1894 Women's Meeting.

ES reminiscence of hearing of FV, with God the Father Pointing to JC who was in his likeness.

George Q. Cannon supports upholding restriction in mixed-race scenarios to avoid "complications."

Le Roy Snow offers premortal explanation for certain classes.

Richards says that Joseph taught that the "seed of Cain" would not receive their "final redemption" until after the "seed of Abel . . . should all have their opportunity."

Salt Lake Tribune gives a description of Green Flake, "the only colored survivor of the band of '47," as a "vigorous, broad-shouldered, good-natured, bright old gentleman."

Edward Stevenson writes a late recollection of the First Vision of Joseph Smith.

Missionaries tell Broad Ax of kind treatment by Black Americans in South.

Deseret Evening News debates on what ordinances black people can receive based on Brigham's language.

Cannon cites what John Taylor told him in Nauvoo about his conversation with Joseph about the priesthood ban.

Grant tells a morality story using a minstrel show and n-word.

James recorded she performed baptisms for the dead for her ancestors.

Jane Manning James mentioned not being satisfied with adoption to Joseph Smith as a servant, and she requested sealing blessings again.

John H. Smith thinks that those who have dominant white ancestry should be allowed to go to the temple.

The Spanish Fork Press announces Alex Bankhead's death.

The Deseret News announces Green Flake's death in 1903.

Salt Lake Tribune references Able's relationship with Joseph.

Deseret News explains black people's place in heaven.

JFS uses story of GW to show black people should not outdo white people in courtesy.

JFS rejects premortal explanation, affirms Cain explanation.

Deseret Evening News obituary celebrates Jane Manning James for her faithfulness and friendships.

Able and James were denied temple blessings by Brigham, Taylor, Woodruff, and Joseph F. Smith.

Joseph Fielding Smith states that Joseph declared Able's ordination "null and void."

Nelson Ritchie tells John Whitaker that his children had been sealed.

John Whitaker cites "one drop" rule in justifying restricting Nelson Ritchie from receiving sealing.

Richard Barry comments on LDS views on black people in 20th-century.

MJB argues for race as a product of premortal designation.

Walter P. Monson uses "descendants of Cain" to chide those who fail to warn their neighbor.

Biographical sketch of Elijah Able's life provided by Andrew Jenson in his Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia.

Joseph Fielding Smith is sustained as Church historian/recorder at the April 1921 General Conference.

Charles Penrose suggests that capacity to recognize truth is rooted in race.

Deseret News describes Samuel and Amanda Chambers as being a worthy, generous couple.

Pageant depicts Mormons in same light as "negroes."

Joseph Fielding Smith attributes priesthood ban to Joseph Smith's teachings.

George F. Richards attributes blackness to premortal unworthiness.

Sanpete County records include transcription of the indenture of a Native American boy.

FP tells ETB to make accommodations for white Church members' discomfort with Blacks.

John A. Widstoe cites premortal unworthiness that black skin could be a mark.

JAW rejects notions of "master race."

CEY uses allegations of miscegenation advocacy as example of "motive questioning."

First Presidency tells Spongberg that the Church makes no effort to proselytize black people.

Lowry Nelson references the premortal life as one of the reasons for the priesthood ban.

Heber Meeks mentions priesthood ban/adjacent teachings as potential reasons to stay out of Cuba.

GFR uses black people as cautionary tale on valiance.

David O. McKay explains that denying the priesthood to Black Saints is part of the eternal plan of God, based on the book of Abraham and related to factors in premortal life.

J. Reuben Clark advocates segregation in blood banks "to protect the purity of the blood streams of the people of this Church."