James H. Charlesworth translates text regarding Cain as a "dark calf."

Uncertain Syriac text indicating "black" or "sad."

Ali Ünal offers translation re: Cain.

LCE scribe writes C as "casting down" his face.

Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon offer translation of Kabbalah text re: C's curse.

Apocryphal account of Cain being killed by an arrow after being mistaken for an animal.

Paul Erdmann Iserts comments on alleged "Cain" origins for Africans.

Printer's Manuscript of BOM.

David Walker criticizes use of Cain mythology to justify enslavement.

David Walker criticizes use of Cain lore for black origins.

W. W. Phelps includes text of alleged revelation from Joseph.

Joseph describes his childhood education and his upbringing.

Wheatley discusses the outcome of her enslavement and describes Africans in Cain-like terms.

OC letter to WWP describing JS First Vision.

JC describes hearing JS relate First Vision when a religious revivial occurred.

RF remembers hearing about First Vision in 1835.

JS First Vision summary.

Joseph sees Black people as subject to the curse of Canaan.

Messenger and Advocate comments on scriptural support for priesthood and temple restrictions.

Theodore Weld criticizes use of Canaan lore to justify slavery.

Wilford Woodruff serves with Joseph Ball on a mission.

Joseph Ball serves a mission in the East.

Joseph's 1838 canonical history.

Wilford Woodruff refers to accusations against Ball.

Sarah Ann Mode Hofheintz listed as white in 1840 census.

James W. C. Pennington criticizes use of Bible lore to describe African origins.

William I. Appleby copies Abraham 1:26–27, describing priesthood restriction of Pharaoh, into his journal on May 5, 1841.

Book of Abraham states Pharaoh was restricted from the priesthood because of lineage.

1842 publication of JS 1838 First Vision account.

Joseph favors laws to prevent mixed race marriages.

Elijah Able holds calling as a seventy in Cincinnati.

J. C. Nott states that interracial marriage will produce infertile couples.

R. B. Lewis quotes Pompee Valentin-Vastey criticizing theorists who associate black people with Cain.

AN 1844 account of JS First Vision.

Woodruff writes to Brigham about William Smith's mismanagement of the branch.

Lucy Mack Smith conflates First Vision and Moroni visit.

John Taylor cites Genesis to assert the priesthood curse of Ham's descendants.

Hyde uses premortal explanation to give an opinion on origins of Black people.

Heber C. Kimball's journal records Hofheintz couple as receiving their endowment in Nauvoo.

Revelation to Brigham Young describes reasons the Saints left Nauvoo for the West.

Brigham says he doesn't care about the blood or color of McCary.

William Appleby says ordination of Black people was contrary to the "order of the Church" and "Law of the Priesthood."

Appleby notes the son of Lewis is married to a white woman.

William Appleby gives details on Walker Lewis's life.

Brigham criticizes interracial marriage and mentions "if they were far away from the Gentiles they would all [h]av[e] to be killed."

Brigham criticizes interracial marriage and mentions "if they were far away from the Gentiles they would all [h]av[e] to be killed."

Brigham says that Africans are cursed descendants of Cain.

The United States Slave Schedule lists Agnes Flake's slaves in Utah.

Wilford Woodruff records receipt of a letter from Quaku Walker Lewis.

Orson Hyde explains Utah servitude laws.

Brigham Young tells William Crosby that he does not support slave trading in Utah and comments on Green Flake.

Brigham states that the curse of Ham makes Black people servants and he forbids slavery.

Wilford Woodruff records reference to the curse of Cain and how that impacts blessings.

Frederick Douglass pokes fun at the idea of the Biblical curse of Ham.

Josiah Priest rejects Cain theory in favor of Ham theory.

Brigham Young states that God has made some to be the "masters" and "superiors" of Black people.

Brigham expresses his views on slavery in the margins of the document.

Wilford Woodruff reports that Brigham stated interracial marriage was worthy of death.

Brigham explains his racial rationale for slavery.

Brigham gives reasons for Black "service" laws.

Brigham speaks on the need to treat "the seed of Cain" well as servants.

Brigham denounces interracial marriage and gives an explanation for the priesthood and temple restrictions.

Brigham says that, as a prophet he knows, Black people are the children of Cain and "cannot bear rule in the priesthood."

Brigham expresses belief in the curse of Cain.

Brigham says only God can take the priesthood restriction off.

Orson Pratt holds Africans and other groups have a "degraded parentage" and valiant premortal spirits "kept in reserve" will not receive their bodies.

Quaku Walker Lewis returns from Utah and reopened his barber shop.

Brigham highlights how all peoples, including "dark-skinned savages," are seeking salvation.

Brigham expresses views on indigenous peoples.

Brigham comments on Green Flake's health.

BY says Lord sent his angel to JS in First Vision.

George A. Smith expresses priesthood ban rationale.

Brigham says to "keep blacks out."

Lowell Daily Citizen and News reports that Quaku Walker Lewis died of dropsy.

Brigham includes "n---er stealing" among the "treasonous" actions of which other Americans could be accused.

Ezra T. Benson holds that the Saints will not involve themselves in freeing Black people from enslavement.

Abraham Lincoln stated that he found white people superior to Black people.

Brigham says that Black people cannot hold priesthood office because of the curse of Cain.

Brigham offers to buy enslaved Black man in order to free him.

The 1880 U.S. Census lists Rebecca Bentley (Meads) as a person of mixed-race.

Horace Greeley records Brigham's comments on slavery connected to the curse of Ham.

Brigham tells Horace Greeley that slavery is "of divine institution" and will persist until the curse of Ham is removed.

BY mentions First Vision; gives JS age at 14.

Brigham Young says he would confer any blessing possible on Isaac Manning.

Brigham says "whites will be cursed" for their "abuse" of Black people "unless they repent."

Harvard Professor Louis Agassiz gives opinion on the morality of "half-breeds."

John Taylor leaves the question of liberation of Black people due to a "higher law" to other parties.

George A. Smith notes that some wrongly think the Civil War was caused by "the almighty negro."

Paul de Lagarde offers reprint of MS Leiden regarding Ephrem's view of Ham's blackness.

Erastus Snow supports citizenship and full privileges for Black people in America.

Catherine Waite cites Brigham's quote against abolitionism.

OP retells First Vision.

Mobile Weekly Tribune reports on three Black Latter-day Saints in Mobile.

Deseret News editorial refers to Black people as "little better than savages."

The Ogden Junction publishes obituary for Moroni Able.

George Q. Cannon states that God loves all, including Africans.

Smith, Picknell, Lindsey, and Leach describe duties of deacons.

Brigham expresses that it is "the lot" of Black people to be servants.

Eight Black Saints perform baptisms for the dead in the Salt Lake Temple in 1875.

JT recounts JS First Vision, indicating that God revealed "events that are to transpire on this continent."

JT declares purpose of First Vision in discussion of priesthood, missionary work, and enlightenment.

Zebedee Coltrin and Abraham Smoot defend priesthood ban.

First Presidency meeting minutes record John Taylor's conclusion that Elijah Able was ordained before the "word of the Lord was fully understood."

The U.S. Census reports that Harriet Church was listed as white and married to Thomas Church with eight children in Utah in 1880.

EBS justifies priesthood ban in poem using premortal unworthiness explanation.

George Q. Cannon articulates the priesthood restriction.

Los Angeles Herald says that there are Black Saints and "The Prophet made no distinction as to race, color or previous condition of servitude.

Missouri Supreme Court cites infertility as reason to ban interracial marriage.

H. M. Turner references Brigham explaining the priesthood and temple restrictions.

Emporia Republican disparages Black Mormons and claims they join for polygamy.

Chattanooga Daily Times profiles the lives of Black Saints moving to Utah.

Jane Manning James was offered to be adopted by Joseph and Emma Smith.

James requests Taylor to perform an adoption for her to Joseph and Emma.

Deseret News reports death of Elijah Able.

Deseret News commenter theorizes on descendants of Cain.

Manifesto (Official Declaration 1) declares an end to polygamy.

Abraham H. Cannon recalls that Brigham told Lorenzo Snow that blacks couldn't hold priesthood through premortal actions.

Official text of Wilford Woodruff's 1890 manifesto ending plural marriage.

In a Church periodical, George Q. Cannon states that priesthood ordinations "have been done by Elders when they thought children were likely to die."

George Q. Cannon notes the lack of interracial marriage in Utah.

Zina D. H. Young alludes to James's request to receive sealing/endowment.

George Q. Cannon articulates premortal designation for lineage.

Lydia Alder records Jane Manning James's patriarchal blessing being read during a May 1894 Women's Meeting.

ES reminiscence of hearing of FV, with God the Father Pointing to JC who was in his likeness.

George Q. Cannon supports upholding restriction in mixed-race scenarios to avoid "complications."

Le Roy Snow offers premortal explanation for certain classes.

Richards says that Joseph taught that the "seed of Cain" would not receive their "final redemption" until after the "seed of Abel . . . should all have their opportunity."

Salt Lake Tribune gives a description of Green Flake, "the only colored survivor of the band of '47," as a "vigorous, broad-shouldered, good-natured, bright old gentleman."

Edward Stevenson writes a late recollection of the First Vision of Joseph Smith.

Missionaries tell Broad Ax of kind treatment by Black Americans in South.

Deseret Evening News debates on what ordinances black people can receive based on Brigham's language.

Cannon cites what John Taylor told him in Nauvoo about his conversation with Joseph about the priesthood ban.

Grant tells a morality story using a minstrel show and n-word.

James recorded she performed baptisms for the dead for her ancestors.

Smith expresses "one drop" rule on temple/priesthood access for Black people as an opinion.

Brigham denied Elijah Able's endowment.

Salt Lake Tribune references Able's relationship with Joseph.

Deseret News explains black people's place in heaven.

JFS uses story of GW to show black people should not outdo white people in courtesy.

JFS rejects premortal explanation, affirms Cain explanation.

Deseret Evening News obituary celebrates Jane Manning James for her faithfulness and friendships.

Able and James were denied temple blessings by Brigham, Taylor, Woodruff, and Joseph F. Smith.

Joseph Fielding Smith states that Joseph declared Able's ordination "null and void."

Nelson Ritchie tells John Whitaker that his children had been sealed.

John Whitaker cites "one drop" rule in justifying restricting Nelson Ritchie from receiving sealing.

Richard Barry comments on LDS views on black people in 20th-century.

MJB argues for race as a product of premortal designation.

Walter P. Monson uses "descendants of Cain" to chide those who fail to warn their neighbor.

Jenson gives date for Able's ordination as an Elder and a Seventy.

JET invokes Cain to explain priesthood ban origins.

Deseret News describes Samuel and Amanda Chambers as being a worthy, generous couple.

Pageant depicts Mormons in same light as "negroes."

Joseph Fielding Smith attributes priesthood ban to Joseph Smith's teachings.

J. Reuben Clark proposes that the Twelve review past statements and make a ruling on whether "one drop" of blood disqualifies someone from receiving the priesthood.

FP tells ETB to make accommodations for white Church members' discomfort with Blacks.

JAW rejects notions of "master race."

CEY uses allegations of miscegenation advocacy as example of "motive questioning."

First Presidency tells Spongberg that the Church makes no effort to proselytize black people.

Lowry Nelson references the premortal life as one of the reasons for the priesthood ban.

Heber Meeks mentions priesthood ban/adjacent teachings as potential reasons to stay out of Cuba.

GFR uses black people as cautionary tale on valiance.

David O. McKay explains that denying the priesthood to Black Saints is part of the eternal plan of God, based on the book of Abraham and related to factors in premortal life.

J. Reuben Clark advocates segregation in blood banks "to protect the purity of the blood streams of the people of this Church."

1949 First Presidency provides a statement on the priesthood and temple restriction for Black Saints to an anonymous correspondent.

David O. McKay notes that individual freedom is undermined through racial animus.

DrWB dismisses racial identification with blood.

Berrett (1951) includes more extensive version of 1949 statement in John J. Stewart text.

Masters' account of white pastor leading newly formed congregation of Black Christians.

WRB notes that LDS Hospital segregates black and white blood banks.

David O. McKay notes experience dealing with the priesthood ban.

WB inquires about ban study committee.

Elder Mark E. Peterson condemns the civil rights movement and defends Latter-day Saint theology and practices related to priesthood and temple restrictions for Black Saints.

McConkie defends priesthood ban based on scriptural interpretation.

BRM says prophets have own opinions and prejudices.

Preston Nibley republishes JS 1842 Wentworth Letter in IE, including First Vision account, in full.

Joseph Fielding Smith reports that Joseph instituted priesthood and temple restriction.

Hugh B. Brown says "load him with bitter racial prejudice and you have a Disraeli."

LaMar S. Williams is instructed by President David O. McKay and his counselors that those living in polygamy could be baptized but "were not to engage further into this practice."

PRC MA thesis including first published version of 1832 FV account.

AD holds that Christ supersedes all racial "cursing."

ALM finds that Mormons are slightly more racist than other some other Christians.

Ezra T. Benson says God only knows why no priesthood for "seed of Cain."

TGM mentions institutional support behind project to catalogue known First Vision accounts.

South Idaho Press writes about legal support for University of Wyoming Black football players.

N. Eldon Tanner and Hugh B. Brown sign a statement under the name of the First Presidency saying that the origins of ban are not known.

LK quotes HBB's prediction re: lifting the ban.

N. Eldon Tanner and Hugh B. Brown sign a statement under the name of the First Presidency saying that the origins of ban are not known.

"Church Section" of Deseret News reports on release of Joseph Fielding Smith as Church historian/recorder in February 1970; notes he was called March 17, 1921.

James B. Allen discusses First Vision accounts in an official Church periodical.

The Church uses Cain justification in black ordinations in Brazil.

Wallace Turner cites statistics regarding percentage of Mormons/non-Mormons who think blacks want to destroy Church.

Lester Bush offers source on how John Taylor felt Joseph was wrong on Elijah Able's ordination.

First Presidency counselors discuss lifting the ban after seeing the writings of Stephen G. Taggart on the policy.

SCOTUS finds that Bob Jones University violates tax-exempt laws.

The Miami News write about perceived legal pressure to change church policy.

MG discusses his efforts to test his celibacy with young women.

BRM tells SWK that there is no scriptural barrier to lifting the ban.

Newell Bringhurst argues that the origins of the priesthood ban are unclear.

Deseret News publishes First Presidency press release announcing the revelation on the priesthood.

Spencer W. Kimball said "the church will not extend the priesthood to women, now that it has ordained its first black priest." He also said the revelation came now "because conditions and people have changed."

Church News shares comments of Monroe Fleming and other Black members about the announcement of the priesthood revelation.

BYU professor Edwin O. Haroldsen supervises students in a survey finding that the overwhelming majority of Utah County residents are pleased with the news of the priesthood revelation.

Fundamentalist Ogden Kraut questions the legitimacy of the priesthood revelation.

The Associated Press reports an interview with J. LaMoine Jenson, under the pseudonym of Joseph Jensen, wherein he gives his reasons for opposing the priesthood revelation.

Elder N. Eldon Tanner announces the First Presidency announcing the priesthood revelation at General Conference.

Church News reports that two couples have received visas to go to Nigeria for one year to "do religious service."

Ronald K. Esplin states his view that Brigham's views on priesthood ban were rooted in revelation.

Hartley writes that the main work of deacons in the late 19th century was to care for the meetinghouses.

Joseph Freeman tells of his experiences following his having been the first Black man ordained to the priesthood in modern times.

Joseph Freeman reports that unauthorized ordination of a Black Saint sowed division in the Genesis Group.

Anthony Obinna recalls his baptism and the organization of the first branch in Aboh, Nigeria on 21 November 1978.

BRM celebrates "seed of Cain" receiving the priesthood.

Bruce R. McConkie gives an account of the powerful confirming experience of the Twelve following Spencer W. Kimball's priesthood revelation, and its implications.

LaMar and Nyal Williams report how they were called to serve as missionaries in Nigeria.

LaMar Williams recounts the origins of the Genesis Group.

Bush cites statements of Lorenzo Snow on marriage and priesthood restrictions.

MVB Jr. publishes article in Ensign on the different First Vision accounts.

Reed L. Clegg organizes Friends of West Africa, the first known Latter-day Saint non-profit humanitarian organization focused on West Africa.

Breck England quotes Elder Marvin J. Ashton about his experience during the confirmation of the priesthood revelation.

Oscar W. McConkie Jr. describes circumstances and includes certificate of recognition for the Church in Zaire.

The Associated Press interviews Neal A. Maxwell and Dallin H. Oaks about the reasons for lifting the priesthood and temple ban.

Ralph Abernathy explains why Martin Luther King, Jr. engaged in extramarital affairs.

Steve Yozwiak reports comments on a letter from Julian M. Sanders to Ezra Taft Benson citing Church leaders and others to oppose a holiday in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Stephen Ochs provides account of reaction to Father Tolton as a Black priest.

Helvécio Martins recounts blessings and spiritual impressions that foreshadowed the priesthood revelation.

David O. McKay describing the priesthood and temple ban as a practice rather than a doctrine, as reported by Sterling M. McMurrin.

RLA publishes article in Ensign talking about First Vision accounts; answers common criticisms, provides historical context.

E. Gary Smith reports that his father, Eldred G. Smith, concluded at some point that Black Saints should be assigned to the tribe of Manasseh.

EBF, HBB's grandson, recounts HBB's efforts to lift the restriction.

L. Petersen recalls his discussion with L.E. Young about a "strange account" of the First Vision.

FP/Q12 deny existence of proposal for repudiating ban.