Black Saints and the Priesthood (Brigham Young/Early Utah era)
469 Primary Sources
Date | Summary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1200 BC - | Hebrew text of Genesis 6–9 (story of Noah). | Unknown Non-LDS Ancient | Unsourced Late Ancient | |
170 BC | James H. Charlesworth translates text regarding Cain as a "dark calf." | Unknown Non-LDS | Translation 3rd Hand | |
100 - | Ambiguous Syriac text indicating "black" or "sad." | Unknown Non-LDS | Unsourced Late | |
400 - | Codex Vaticanus reference to Cain. | Unknown | Scribed Verbatim 3rd Hand Late | |
609 - | Ali Ünal offers translation re: Cain. | Ali Ünal Non-LDS | Reprint Translation | |
700 - | AAAL offers first-known account of Cain where identified as "black." | Unknown Non-LDS | Translation 3rd Hand Late Secondary | |
1008 | LCE scribe writes C as "casting down" his face. | Cain Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint Translation 3rd Hand Late | |
1200 - | HS and MS offer translation of Kabbalah text re: C's curse. | Unknown Non-LDS | Translation Secondary | |
1620 | Thomas Peyton identifies Cain as "black." | Thomas Peyton Non-LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1625 | Apocryphal account of Cain being killed by an arrow after being mistaken for an animal. | Unknown Non-LDS | Late | |
1733 | Elihu Coleman rejects that Cain and Canaan share a common lineage. | Elihu Coleman Non-LDS | Direct | |
Oct 16, 1785 | Paul Erdmann Iserts comments on alleged "Cain" origins for Africans. | Paul Erdmann Iserts Non-LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1786 | Richard Allen recounts experience of church segregation in Philadelphia. | Richard Allen Non-LDS | Direct | |
1829 | Printer's Manuscript of BOM. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1830 | 1830 census lists Sarah Hofheintz as a free black woman. | The National Archives and Records Administration Non-LDS | Holograph | |
1830 | David Walker criticizes use of Cain mythology to justify enslavement. | David Walker Non-LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1830 | Revelation manuscript for D&C 20. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1830 | David Walker criticizes use of Cain lore for black origins. | David Walker Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jan 6, 1831 | LMS letter to her family describing appearance of Moroni. | Lucy Mack Smith LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jul 17, 1831 | W. W. Phelps includes text of alleged revelation from Joseph. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand Reprint Late | |
Jun 1832 - | Joseph's 1832 history giving earliest firsthand account of the vision. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jun 1832 - | Joseph describes his childhood education and his upbringing. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Dec 1832 | JST manuscript for Psalm 14 which has similar verbiage to 1832 FV account. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim Translation | |
1834 | Wheatley discusses the outcome of her enslavement and describes Africans in Cain-like terms. | Phyllis Wheatley Non-LDS | Direct | |
1834 | David Child rejects the curse of Cain theory. | David Child Non-LDS | Direct | |
Dec 1834 | OC letter to WWP describing JS First Vision. | Oliver Cowdery LDS | Direct | |
Feb 1835 | OC writes to WWP on JS First Vision. | Oliver Cowdery LDS | 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Apr 1, 1835 | JC describes hearing JS relate First Vision when a religious revivial occurred. | Joseph Curtis LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand | |
Jun 2, 1835 | WWP letter to his wife saying he heard JS preach. | W. W. Phelps LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand | |
Nov 1835 - | RF remembers hearing about First Vision in 1835. | Rhoda Ann Fullmer LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
Nov 9, 1835 | JS account of his First Vision from 1835. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Late | |
Nov 14, 1835 | JS First Vision summary. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Mar 31, 1836 | Joseph signs ministerial certificate for Able attesting to status as elder. | Frederick G. Williams LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Apr 1, 1836 | Joseph sees Black people as subject to the curse of Canaan. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Apr 1836 | Angelina Grimke criticizes use of Canaan myth to justify enslavement. | Angelina Grimke Non-LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1836 | Messenger and Advocate comments on scriptural support for priesthood and temple restrictions. | Messenger and Advocate LDS | Direct | |
Nov 27, 1836 | PPP recounts JS telling about his visions. | Parley P. Pratt LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand | |
Apr 1837 | Theodore Weld criticizes use of Canaan lore to justify slavery. | Theodore D. Weld Non-LDS | Direct | |
1838 | Weld criticizes use of Cain myth for African origins. | Theodore D. Weld Non-LDS | Direct | |
May 25, 1838 | Wilford Woodruff serves with Joseph Ball on a mission. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Holograph Direct | |
May 25, 1838 | Wilford Woodruff calls Joseph Ball an "Elder." | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jul 1838 | Joseph Ball serves a mission in the East. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Direct | |
Nov 17, 1838 | A writer to the Colored American criticizes the Cain myth. | Vindicator Non-LDS | Direct Reprint Journalism | |
Jun 1839 | Joseph's 1838 canonical history. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 12, 1839 | Joseph Ball has difficulty with other elders, which were settled. | Boston High Priests Quorum LDS | Direct Scribed Summary | |
Dec 12, 1839 | Wilford Woodruff refers to accusations against Ball. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Holograph Direct | |
1840 | Sarah Ann Mode Hofheintz listed as white in 1840 census. | The National Archives and Records Administration Non-LDS | Holograph | |
1840 | Sarah Ann Mode Hofheintz listed as white in 1840 census. | The National Archives and Records Administration Non-LDS | Holograph | |
1840 | Orson Pratt recounts JS's First Vision. | Orson Pratt LDS | 2nd Hand | |
1841 | James W. C. Pennington criticizes use of Bible lore to describe African origins. | James W. C. Pennington Non-LDS | Direct | |
Apr 18, 1841 | JM recounts meeting WS who retells JS First Vision. | James Murdock Non-LDS | Reprint 3rd Hand Journalism | |
May 5, 1841 | William I. Appleby copies Abraham 1:26–27, describing priesthood restriction of Pharaoh, into his journal on May 5, 1841. | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jan 25, 1842 | Willard Richards records in Joseph's journal that Joseph described Black people as "sons of Cain." | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Feb 1842 | Book of Abraham states Pharaoh was restricted from the priesthood because of lineage. | Willard Richards LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Mar 1, 1842 | JS 1842 account of First Vision for JW. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct | |
Mar 15, 1842 - | 1842 publication of JS 1838 First Vision account. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1842 | OH recounting of JS First Vision. | Orson Hyde LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Jan 2, 1843 | Joseph favors laws to prevent mixed race marriages. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct Scribed Paraphrase | |
Jun 11, 1843 | LR accounts of JS First Vision. | Levi Richards LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand | |
Jun 25, 1843 | Elijah Able holds calling as a seventy in Cincinnati. | H. Elliott LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jul 1843 | Nott argues "probable extermination of the two races if the Whites and Blacks are allowed to intermarry." | J. C. Nott Non-LDS | Direct | |
Aug 16, 1843 | J. C. Nott states that interracial marriage will produce infertile couples. | J. C. Nott Non-LDS | Direct | |
Aug 21, 1843 | DNW interviews JS on the First Vision and JS details seeing two personages. | Joseph Smith, Jr. Non-LDS | 2nd Hand Journalism | |
1844 | R. B. Lewis quotes Pompee Valentin-Vastey criticizing theorists who associate black people with Cain. | Pompée Valentin-Vastey Non-LDS | Reprint | |
Feb 8, 1844 | Joseph enforces anti-miscegenation law in Illinois. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 24, 1844 | AN 1844 account of JS First Vision. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand | |
Jun 1, 1844 | Ball serves as chair of Joseph's Boston election committee. | The Prophet LDS | Direct | |
Oct 9, 1844 | Woodruff writes to Brigham about William Smith's mismanagement of the branch. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Holograph | |
1844 | IDR prints JS' account of the First Vision, where he sees two personages who are exactly the same. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Reprint | |
1845 | Lucy Mack Smith conflates First Vision and Moroni visit. | Lucy Mack Smith LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
Feb 1845 | William Clayton includes a summary of the events leading the Martyrdom in the Council of Fifty minutes. | William Clayton LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1, 1845 | John Taylor cites Genesis to assert the priesthood curse of Ham's descendants. | John Taylor LDS | Direct | |
Apr 27, 1845 | Hyde uses premortal explanation to give an opinion on origins of Black people. | Orson Hyde LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint Late | |
Apr 27, 1845 | Hyde uses premortal explanation to give an opinion on origins of Black people. | Orson Hyde LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint Late | |
Jun 1, 1845 | George Hales records evidence that Able still held the priesthood in 1845. | George Hales LDS | Scribed Paraphrase Reprint | |
Dec 24, 1845 | Heber C. Kimball's journal records Hofheintz couple as receiving their endowment in Nauvoo. | William Clayton LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1845 | John Whittier sees Enoch Lewis preaching. | John Greenleaf Whittier LDS | Direct | |
Jan 14, 1847 | Revelation to Brigham Young describes reasons the Saints left Nauvoo for the West. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Mar 1, 1847 | Robert Campbell comments on William McCary and Lucy Stanton as couple. | Robert L. Campbell LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Mar 26, 1847 | Brigham says he doesn't care about the blood or color of McCary. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 25, 1847 | Pratt briefly articulates a rationale for a priesthood ban. | Parley P. Pratt LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
May 19, 1847 | William Appleby says ordination of Black people was contrary to the "order of the Church" and "Law of the Priesthood." | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
May 29, 1847 | BY chides church members for dancing like black people. | William Clayton LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Reprint | |
Jun 2, 1847 | Appleby notes the son of Lewis is married to a white woman. | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jun 2, 1847 | William Appleby says that ordination of Black members could lead to intermarriage. | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jun 2, 1847 | William Appleby gives details on Walker Lewis's life. | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jun 16, 1847 | Appleby writes that he is ashamed to meet a white woman married to a Black man. | William I. Appleby LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Dec 2, 1847 | Brigham criticizes interracial marriage and mentions "if they were far away from the Gentiles they would all [h]av[e] to be killed." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Dec 2, 1847 | William I. Appleby references the interracial marriage of Enoch Lewis. | William I. Appleby LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Dec 2, 1847 | Brigham criticizes interracial marriage and mentions "if they were far away from the Gentiles they would all [h]av[e] to be killed." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Feb 13, 1849 | Brigham says that Africans are cursed descendants of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Feb 13, 1849 | Brigham says that Africans are cursed descendants of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Jul 19, 1849 | Brigham says that Utahans are averse to slavery. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 1850 | William Smith states that Orson Hyde ordained William McCary. | William Smith Excommunicated Critic | Direct Unsourced | |
Mar 4, 1850 | Wilford Woodruff records receipt of a letter from Quaku Walker Lewis. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jun 25, 1850 | JT recounts JS First Vision. | John Taylor LDS | 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Dec 15, 1850 | Orson Hyde explains Utah servitude laws. | Orson Hyde LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1851 | William Crosby summarizes the Green Flake episode. | William Crosby Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jun 1, 1851 | Wilford Woodruff records Brigham condemning slavery but maintaining that Black people must be servants. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jun 1, 1851 | Brigham states that the curse of Ham makes Black people servants and he forbids slavery. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 1, 1852 | Utah act allows indentured bondage in Utah. | Utah Territorial Legislature LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1852 | Wilford Woodruff records reference to the curse of Cain and how that impacts blessings. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
1852 | Wilford Woodruff's summary of a February 13, 1849 meeting in which Brigham Young states that black people are inelligible for the Priesthood because of the curse of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Paraphrase 2nd Hand Reprint | |
1852 | Frederick Douglass pokes fun at the idea of the Biblical curse of Ham. | Frederick Douglass Non-LDS | Direct | |
1852 | Josiah Priest rejects Cain theory in favor of Ham theory. | Josiah Priest Non-LDS | Direct | |
1852 | Fletcher argues that Ham married descendant of Cain. | John Fletcher Non-LDS | Direct | |
1852 | Brigham Young states that God has made some to be the "masters" and "superiors" of Black people. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 5, 1852 | Brigham explains slave law in Utah. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 5, 1852 | Brigham expresses his views on slavery in the margins of the document. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 16, 1852 | BY says Black Americans will have rights in Utah. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 16, 1852 | Wilford Woodruff reports that Brigham stated interracial marriage was worthy of death. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 16, 1852 | WW records BY explaining priesthood/temple restriction | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 23, 1852 | Brigham explains his racial rationale for slavery. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 23, 1852 | Brigham expresses opposition to slave abuse and support for Black service. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 23, 1852 | Brigham gives reasons for Black "service" laws. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 23, 1852 | Brigham explains why he disapproves of American slavery but says life is better for them than others in Europe. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham speaks on the need to treat "the seed of Cain" well as servants. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham denounces interracial marriage and gives an explanation for the priesthood and temple restrictions. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham denounces interracial marriage and gives an explanation for the priesthood and temple restrictions. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham affirms the right of citizenship for Black people but denies the right of governance. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham says that, as a prophet he knows, Black people are the children of Cain and "cannot bear rule in the priesthood." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | LaJean Carruth transcribes of Brigham's speech instituting the priesthood and temple restrictions. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham expresses belief in the curse of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham says that, as a prophet he knows, Black people are the children of Cain and "cannot bear rule in the priesthood." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1852 | Brigham says only God can take the priesthood restriction off. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 3, 1852 | Deseret News uses Cain rationale for ban. | Deseret News LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Aug 29, 1852 | Orson Pratt holds Africans and other groups have a "degraded parentage" and valiant premortal spirits "kept in reserve" will not receive their bodies. | Orson Pratt LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 29, 1852 | Orson Pratt gives first public discourse on polygamy, another example (besides the priesthood ban) of the Church taking a position without concern for popular opinion. | Orson Pratt LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Nov 10, 1852 | Quaku Walker Lewis returns from Utah and reopened his barber shop. | Lowell Courier Non-LDS | Direct Reprint Journalism | |
Dec 25, 1852 | Brigham defends servitude in Utah and advocates for a type of segregation to create unity. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 16, 1853 | Brigham highlights how all peoples, including "dark-skinned savages," are seeking salvation. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 1853 | Orson Pratt offers premortal explanation of race and ban. | Orson Pratt LDS | Direct | |
May 8, 1853 | Brigham expresses views on indigenous peoples. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jul 21, 1854 | Amasa Lyman, writing for Agnes Flake, asks for Green Flake to be returned. | Amasa Mason Lyman LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Aug 19, 1854 | Brigham comments on Green Flake's health. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 3, 1854 | Brigham maintains that honesty matters more than one's ethnic origin. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 18, 1855 | BY says Lord sent his angel to JS in First Vision. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand | |
Dec 9, 1855 | Amasa Lyman uses the term "negro baboon." | Amasa Mason Lyman LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1856 | George A. Smith expresses priesthood ban rationale. | George A. Smith LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 5, 1856 - | Samuel Woolley provides an account of disciplinary action for interracial marriage. | Samuel A. Woolley LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Mar 23, 1856 | Brigham says to "keep blacks out." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
Mar 23, 1856 | Brigham considers "children of Ham" to be destined for "perpetual slavery." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
Nov 3, 1856 | Lowell Daily Citizen and News reports that Quaku Walker Lewis died of dropsy. | Lowell Daily Citizen and News Non-LDS | 2nd Hand Journalism | |
Aug 9, 1857 | John Taylor disparages abolitionists and underground railroad. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 9, 1857 | Brigham includes "n---er stealing" among the "treasonous" actions of which other Americans could be accused. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 23, 1857 | John Taylor disparages abolitionism and "n---er stealing." | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 24, 1858 | Ezra T. Benson holds that the Saints will not involve themselves in freeing Black people from enslavement. | Ezra Taft Benson LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 23, 1858 | Abraham Lincoln rejects black equality with white Americans. | Abraham Lincoln Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Sep 21, 1858 | Abraham Lincoln stated that he found white people superior to Black people. | Abraham Lincoln Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
1858 | Nelson Winch Green reports Smith's recollections of the existence of enslavement of indigenous peoples in Utah. | Nelson Winch Green Critic Non-LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Oct 9, 1859 | Brigham says that Black people cannot hold priesthood office because of the curse of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1860 | Pro-slavery advocate Nathan Lord argues that the curse of Cain was perpetuated through intermarriage with Ham's line. | Nathan Lord Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jan 3, 1860 | Brigham offers to buy enslaved Black man in order to free him. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 19, 1860 | John Taylor chides Latter-day Saints for dishonesty that he believes is typical to Black people. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jun 11, 1860 | The 1880 U.S. Census lists Rebecca Bentley (Meads) as a person of mixed-race. | James Woodward Non-LDS | Holograph | |
Oct 8, 1860 | Brigham says "we are all the children of one Father, whether we be … black or white." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 1860 | Horace Greeley records Brigham's comments on slavery connected to the curse of Ham. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 26, 1860 | Brigham criticizes the effect of slavery on soil. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
Dec 31, 1860 | Brigham tells Horace Greeley that slavery is "of divine institution" and will persist until the curse of Ham is removed. | Horace Greeley Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
Jan 1, 1861 | N. B. Johnson inquires whether mixed-race ancestry makes him ineligible for priesthood. | N. B. Johnson LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Mar 3, 1861 | BY mentions First Vision; gives JS age at 14. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Jul 28, 1861 | Brigham rejects abolitionists in the North and the Southern slaveholders alike. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Sep 25, 1861 | Brigham Young says he would confer any blessing possible on Isaac Manning. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Summary | |
Feb 19, 1862 | Brigham seeks to "view everybody and everything as it is before God." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Mar 8, 1863 | Brigham says "whites will be cursed" for their "abuse" of Black people "unless they repent." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Mar 8, 1863 | Brigham says that interracial marriage warrants death. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 9, 1863 | Harvard Professor Louis Agassiz gives opinion on the morality of "half-breeds." | Louis Agassiz Non-LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Oct 6, 1863 | Brigham attributes civil war to those who "wish to raise their negroes" while others "wish to. . . almost worship them." | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jan 18, 1865 | John Taylor leaves the question of liberation of Black people due to a "higher law" to other parties. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jun 1, 1865 | RLDS release revelation authorizing ordination of black people. | Joseph Smith III Resigned | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Oct 8, 1865 | George A. Smith notes that some wrongly think the Civil War was caused by "the almighty negro." | George A. Smith LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Aug 19, 1866 | Brigham explains priesthood ban doctrine. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1867 | Paul de Lagarde offers reprint of MS Leiden regarding Ephrem's view of Ham's blackness. | MS Leiden LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
Sep 18, 1867 | Deseret News reports on minstrel scene as part of a performance. | Deseret News LDS | Direct | |
Apr 8, 1868 | Erastus Snow supports citizenship and full privileges for Black people in America. | Erastus Snow LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 1868 | 1868 Relief Society instructions outline duties of "deaconesses." | Sarah M. Kimball LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand | |
1868 | Catherine Waite cites Brigham's quote against abolitionism. | Catherine W. Waite Critic Non-LDS | Unsourced Late | |
Sep 25, 1869 | RWH cites BY's quote to Greeley about black people. | R.W. Hume Critic Non-LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Dec 19, 1869 | OP retells First Vision. | Orson Pratt LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Dec 25, 1869 | Brigham teaches Lorenzo Young that nobody was neutral in the war of heaven and teaches the curse of Cain. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
Mar 19, 1870 | Mobile Weekly Tribune reports on three Black Latter-day Saints in Mobile. | Mobile Weekly Tribune Non-LDS | Direct Unsourced Journalism | |
Apr 9, 1871 | Brigham teaches that Cain was cursed with black skin. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Jul 26, 1871 | Deseret News editorial refers to Black people as "little better than savages." | Deseret News LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Oct 25, 1871 | The Ogden Junction reported that Moroni Able was ordained to the priesthood. | The Ogden Junction Non-LDS | Direct Secondary | |
1873 | T. B. H. Stenhouse says he heard W. W. Phelps say that Joseph Smith first learned about polygamy translating the BOA papyri. | T. B. H. Stenhouse Excommunicated Critic | 2nd Hand Late | |
Jan 12, 1873 | George Q. Cannon states that God loves all, including Africans. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 1, 1873 | Eighth Ward Minutes record that Samuel Chambers is appointed assistant deacon. | Salt Lake Stake Historical Record LDS | Holograph | |
Aug 5, 1873 - | Smith, Picknell, Lindsey, and Leach describe duties of deacons. | Thomas C. Jones LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1874 | Brown rejects Cain origin for peoples of African ancestry. | William Wells Brown Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jul 4, 1874 | Brigham expresses that it is "the lot" of Black people to be servants. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Summary Journalism | |
Dec 8, 1874 | Thomas C. Jones records Samuel Chambers' testimony. | Samuel Davidson Chambers LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Sep 3, 1875 | Eight Black Saints perform baptisms for the dead in the Salt Lake Temple in 1875. | John D.T. McAllister LDS | Holograph | |
Sep 3, 1875 | Eight Black Saints perform baptisms for the dead in the Salt Lake Temple in 1875. | John D.T. McAllister LDS | Holograph | |
Dec 31, 1876 | JT recounts JS First Vision, indicating that God revealed "events that are to transpire on this continent." | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Mar 2, 1879 | JT declares purpose of First Vision in discussion of priesthood, missionary work, and enlightenment. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 6, 1879 | Smith reports on Able's mixed-race heritage. | Elijah Able LDS | Scribed Summary Late | |
May 31, 1879 | Zebedee Coltrin and Abraham Smoot defend priesthood ban. | Zebedee Coltrin LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 31, 1879 | Zebedee Coltrin and Abraham Smoot claim Joseph said Black members could not hold the priesthood. | Zebedee Coltrin LDS | Scribed Verbatim Late | |
Jun 4, 1879 | First Presidency meeting minutes record John Taylor's conclusion that Elijah Able was ordained before the "word of the Lord was fully understood." | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Summary 2nd Hand Secondary | |
Jun 4, 1879 | John Taylor states that he thought Abel's ordination was a mistake. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Summary 2nd Hand | |
Jun 1, 1880 | The U.S. Census reports that Harriet Church was listed as white and married to Thomas Church with eight children in Utah in 1880. | FamilySearch LDS | Holograph | |
Nov 15, 1880 | John Taylor comments on importance of submitting decisions to body of Church. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
1880 | EBS justifies priesthood ban in poem using premortal unworthiness explanation. | Emily B. Spencer LDS | Direct | |
1880 | FS recites conventional thought re: premortal justification of restriction. | Fanny Stenhouse Resigned Critic | Direct | |
Nov 20, 1881 | George Q. Cannon articulates the priesthood restriction. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1882 | Taylor attributes priesthood restriction to Cain's descendance through Ham's wife. | John Taylor LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 13, 1882 | Los Angeles Herald says that there are Black Saints and "The Prophet made no distinction as to race, color or previous condition of servitude. | Los Angeles Herald Non-LDS | Direct | |
Apr 30, 1882 | Omaha Daily Bee mentions Latter-day Saint racial attitudes toward Black people and the baptism of slaves. | Unknown Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand Late Journalism | |
Oct 1883 | Missouri Supreme Court cites infertility as reason to ban interracial marriage. | Missouri Supreme Court Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Oct 25, 1883 | H. M. Turner comments on mixed-race marriage in 19th-century Utah. | H. M. Turner Non-LDS | Direct Unsourced | |
Oct 25, 1883 | H. M. Turner references Brigham explaining the priesthood and temple restrictions. | H. M. Turner Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Dec 13, 1883 | Jackson County Banner reports on Elijah Able's missionary visit to Indiana. | Jackson County Banner Non-LDS | Journalism | |
Dec 20, 1883 | Emporia Republican disparages Black Mormons and claims they join for polygamy. | Emporia Republican Critic Non-LDS | Direct | |
1883 | William Smith recounts Joseph Smith's First Vision account. | William Smith Disaffected | 2nd Hand | |
Nov 14, 1884 | Chattanooga Daily Times profiles the lives of Black Saints moving to Utah. | Chattanooga Daily Times LDS | Direct Scribed Summary | |
Dec 13, 1884 | George Q. Cannon expresses vision of kingdom of God, assuming blacks will not be members. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 27, 1884 | Jane Manning James was offered to be adopted by Joseph and Emma Smith. | Jane Manning James LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Late | |
Dec 27, 1884 | Jane Manning James indicates that her race was through Ham. | Jane Manning James LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Dec 27, 1884 | James requests Taylor to perform an adoption for her to Joseph and Emma. | Jane Manning James LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Dec 27, 1884 | Jane Manning James requests endowment and adoption to Smith family. | Jane Manning James LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Dec 31, 1884 | Deseret News reports death of Elijah Able. | Deseret News LDS | Journalism | |
Feb 4, 1885 | JSR comments on hesitance for black baptism and black membership prohibition. | James S. Russell LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
Jun 3, 1885 | Deseret News commenter theorizes on descendants of Cain. | Unknown LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Jun 16, 1888 | Jane Manning James receives letter from Angus Cannon with a recommend to do baptisms for the dead. | Angus M. Cannon LDS | Holograph | |
Dec 12, 1889 | Manifesto (Official Declaration 1) declares an end to polygamy. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Feb 7, 1890 | Jane Manning James writes to Joseph F. Smith about receiving the endowment, about adoption, and about being sealed to Walker Lewis. | Jane Manning James LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Oct 1, 1890 | Abraham H. Cannon recalls that Brigham told Lorenzo Snow that blacks couldn't hold priesthood through premortal actions. | Brigham Young LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
Oct 1, 1890 | Heber J. Grant records that Lorenzo Snow was glad that revelation could bring a change to the priesthood ban. | Heber J. Grant LDS | Secondary | |
Nov 14, 1891 | Wilford Woodruff describes in his speech how government threats catalyzed revelation for the Manifesto. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Nov 15, 1892 | In a Church periodical, George Q. Cannon states that priesthood ordinations "have been done by Elders when they thought children were likely to die." | George Q. Cannon LDS | Direct | |
Feb 2, 1893 | CW says JA says he heard JS say God touched his eyes in the vision. | Charles Lowell Walker LDS | Reprint 3rd Hand Late | |
Mar 25, 1893 | George Q. Cannon notes the lack of interracial marriage in Utah. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Direct Journalism | |
1893 | ES late reminiscence of hearing First Vision. | Edward Stevenson LDS | Scribed Summary 2nd Hand Late | |
Jan 15, 1894 | Zina D. H. Young alludes to James's request to receive sealing/endowment. | Zina D. Young LDS | Direct | |
Feb 14, 1894 | Dennis Lythgoe transcribes letter from William Flake. | Dennis Leo Lythgoe LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
Apr 14, 1894 | George Q. Cannon articulates premortal designation for lineage. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 18, 1894 | Jane Manning James is attached as a "Servitor for eternity to the Prophet Joseph Smith." | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
Jun 1, 1894 | Lydia Alder records Jane Manning James's patriarchal blessing being read during a May 1894 Women's Meeting. | Lydia D. Alder LDS | Direct | |
Jul 15, 1894 | Juvenile Instructor rejects knowledge of neutrality in premortality. | Juvenile Instructor LDS | Direct | |
Jul 15, 1894 | ES reminiscence of hearing of FV, with God the Father Pointing to JC who was in his likeness. | Edward Stevenson LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
Oct 16, 1894 | Woodruff attributes priesthood restriction to Cain's murder of Abel. | Wilford Woodruff LDS | Direct | |
Aug 22, 1895 | Cannon states that Joseph taught that the seed of Cain could not receive the priesthood. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Reprint Unsourced | |
Dec 19, 1895 | Le Roy Snow offers premortal explanation for certain classes. | Le Roy Snow LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Mar 14, 1896 | Broad Ax newspaper cites Republican operative who supports Samuel Chambers being in legislature. | "The Little Dictator" | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
Oct 5, 1896 | Richards says that Joseph taught that the "seed of Cain" would not receive their "final redemption" until after the "seed of Abel . . . should all have their opportunity." | Franklin D. Richards LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
May 31, 1897 | Salt Lake Tribune identifies Green Flake as a "slave." | The Salt Lake Tribune Critic Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Jul 20, 1897 | Salt Lake Tribune gives a description of Green Flake, "the only colored survivor of the band of '47," as a "vigorous, broad-shouldered, good-natured, bright old gentleman." | The Salt Lake Tribune Critic Non-LDS | Journalism | |
Dec 16, 1897 | Cannon states that he was told by John Taylor in Nauvoo about Joseph Smith's priesthood ban teachings. | George Q. Cannon LDS | 2nd Hand Reprint Late | |
Dec 31, 1897 | Edward Stevenson writes a late recollection of the First Vision of Joseph Smith. | Edward Stevenson LDS | Holograph 2nd Hand Late | |
Mar 25, 1899 | Broad Ax reports on Alex Bankhead and Miranda Redd's faithfulness to Mormonism. | Broad Ax Non-LDS | Journalism | |
May 9, 1899 | Missionaries tell Broad Ax of kind treatment by Black Americans in South. | Broad Ax Non-LDS | Direct Scribed Summary Journalism | |
Oct 2, 1899 | Salt Lake Herald-Republican describes some of Jane Manning James's life in the Church. | Salt Lake Herald-Republican Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Dec 30, 1899 | Deseret Evening News debates on what ordinances black people can receive based on Brigham's language. | Deseret Evening News LDS | Direct Journalism | |
1900 | Thomas W. Young relays premortal explanation that Church leaders use to justify restriction. | Thomas W. Young Critic Non-LDS | Direct | |
Mar 1, 1900 | Cannon cites what John Taylor told him in Nauvoo about his conversation with Joseph about the priesthood ban. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Aug 18, 1900 | GQC cites reports from BY and JS justifying priesthood ban. | George Q. Cannon LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Oct 6, 1900 | Grant tells a morality story using a minstrel show and n-word. | Heber J. Grant LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1902 | Jane Manning James records that Emma Smith offered to adopt her. | Jane Manning James LDS | Holograph | |
1902 | James recorded she performed baptisms for the dead for her ancestors. | Jane Manning James LDS | Holograph Direct | |
Jan 2, 1902 | Jane Manning James mentioned not being satisfied with adoption to Joseph Smith as a servant, and she requested sealing blessings again. | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
Jan 2, 1902 | Smith expresses "one drop" rule on temple/priesthood access for Black people as an opinion. | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
Jan 2, 1902 | John H. Smith thinks that those who have dominant white ancestry should be allowed to go to the temple. | John Henry Smith LDS | Scribed Paraphrase Reprint | |
Jan 2, 1902 | Brigham denied Elijah Ables endowment. | John Henry Smith LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Aug 31, 1903 | Jane Manning James asks J. F. Smith for her endowment. | Jane Manning James LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Nov 1, 1903 | Salt Lake Tribune references Able's relationship with Joseph. | The Salt Lake Tribune Critic Non-LDS | Direct Scribed Paraphrase Journalism | |
Nov 28, 1903 | DN repudiates SLT report on EB's funeral. | Deseret News LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Dec 17, 1903 | Deseret News explains black people's place in heaven. | Deseret News LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Apr 7, 1905 | Salt Lake Telegram notes attendance of Jane Manning James and her brother Isaac at April 1905 General Conference. | Salt Lake Telegram LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Apr 9, 1905 | JFS uses story of GW to show black people should not outdo white people in courtesy. | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 7, 1906 | J. Golden Kimball says same persecutors of LDS are also lynchers. | J. Golden Kimball LDS | Direct | |
Jan 31, 1907 | JFS rejects premortal explanation, affirms Cain explanation. | Joseph Fielding Smith LDS | Direct | |
1908 | Reprint of Wentworth Letter, including 1842 FV account, in History of the Church series. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Apr 16, 1908 | Deseret Evening News obituary celebrates Jane Manning James for her faithfulness and friendships. | Deseret Evening News LDS | Journalism | |
Apr 21, 1908 | Deseret News reports funeral of Jane Manning James. | Deseret News LDS | Direct | |
Aug 26, 1908 | Able and James were denied temple blessings by Brigham, Taylor, Woodruff, and Joseph F. Smith. | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Paraphrase 2nd Hand | |
Aug 26, 1908 | Joseph F. Smith states that all ordinations of Black people must be rendered null and void. | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Paraphrase 2nd Hand | |
Aug 26, 1908 | Joseph Fielding Smith states that Joseph declared Able's ordination "null and void." | Joseph F. Smith LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
Oct 4, 1909 | David O. McKay uses "negro" to describe those who reject importance of labor. | David O. McKay LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Dec 1, 1909 | Nelson Ritchie tells John Whitaker that his children had been sealed. | John Whitaker LDS | Direct | |
Dec 1, 1909 | John Whitaker cites "one drop" rule in justifying restricting Nelson Ritchie from receiving sealing. | John Whitaker LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Dec 1, 1909 | John Whitaker cites "one drop" rule in justifying restricting Nelson Ritchie from receiving sealing. | John Whitaker LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Apr 1910 | MIHH late recollection of JS First Vision where "the Prophet's countenance lightened up." | Mary Isabella Hales Horne LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
Aug 31, 1910 | Richard Barry comments on LDS views on black people in 20th-century. | Richard Barry Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jan 1, 1912 | James E. Talmage writes that ordinances are performed by proxy for the dead. | James E. Talmage LDS | Direct | |
Apr 4, 1915 | MJB argues for race as a product of premortal designation. | Melvin J. Ballard LDS | Direct | |
Apr 7, 1916 | Rey Pratt hopes for eradication of "racial feelings." | Rey Pratt LDS | Direct | |
Oct 8, 1916 | Walter P. Monson uses "descendants of Cain" to chide those who fail to warn their neighbor. | Walter P. Monson LDS | Direct | |
Oct 4, 1918 | HJG uses story to mock black people, uses n-word. | Heber J. Grant LDS | Direct | |
1920 | Jenson gives date for Able's ordination as an Elder and a Seventy. | Andrew Jenson LDS | Reprint Unsourced | |
Apr 1921 | Joseph Fielding Smith is sustained as Church historian/recorder at the April 1921 General Conference. | Heber J. Grant LDS | Direct | |
Jan 25, 1922 | JET invokes Cain to explain priesthood ban origins. | James E. Talmage LDS | Scribed Summary Journalism | |
Oct 6, 1922 | Charles Penrose suggests that capacity to recognize truth is rooted in race. | Charles W. Penrose LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
May 10, 1924 | Deseret News describes Samuel and Amanda Chambers as being a worthy, generous couple. | Deseret News LDS | Journalism | |
Apr 4, 1925 | Charles Nibley celebrates emancipation of slavery and overthrow of part of Constitution. | Charles Nibley LDS | Direct | |
May 3, 1926 | Pageant depicts Mormons in same light as "negroes." | The Capitol Journal Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
1930 | BHR recounts First Vision, reproduces and cites material from 1838 and 1842 FV accounts. | B. H. Roberts LDS | Direct Secondary | |
1931 | Joseph Fielding Smith attributes priesthood ban to Joseph Smith's teachings. | Joseph Fielding Smith LDS | Direct | |
Apr 7, 1939 | George F. Richards attributes blackness to premortal unworthiness. | George F. Richards LDS | Direct | |
Jan 25, 1940 | J. Reuben Clark proposes that the Twelve review past statements and make a ruling on whether "one drop" of blood disqualifies someone from receiving the priesthood. | J. Reuben Clark LDS | Scribed Summary Reprint | |
Sep 1941 | JCM writes to JJM advising segregation of blood in blood banks. | James C. Magee Non-LDS | Reprint Secondary | |
Jun 23, 1942 | FP tells ETB to make accommodations for white Church members' discomfort with Blacks. | First Presidency LDS | Direct | |
Jun 30, 1944 | John A. Widstoe cites premortal unworthiness that black skin could be a mark. | John A. Widstoe LDS | Direct | |
Aug 31, 1945 | JAW rejects notions of "master race." | John A. Widstoe LDS | Direct | |
Apr 6, 1946 | Harold B. Lee celebrates teaching against racism at time of WWII. | Harold B. Lee LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 6, 1946 | CEY uses allegations of miscegenation advocacy as example of "motive questioning." | Clifford E. Young LDS | Direct | |
1947 | 1949 First Presidency provides a statement on the priesthood and temple restriction for Black Saints to an anonymous correspondent. | First Presidency LDS | Direct | |
May 5, 1947 | First Presidency tells Spongberg that the Church makes no effort to proselytize black people. | First Presidency LDS | 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Jun 26, 1947 | Lowry Nelson replies to Heber Meeks and references past instances of racism, didn't realize was a policy. | Lowry Nelson LDS | Direct | |
Jun 26, 1947 | Lowry Nelson references the premortal life as one of the reasons for the priesthood ban. | Lowry Nelson LDS | Direct | |
Jul 17, 1947 | The First Presidency explains rationale for priesthood ban. | First Presidency LDS | Direct | |
Jul 23, 1947 | Heber Meeks mentions priesthood ban/adjacent teachings as potential reasons to stay out of Cuba. | Heber Meeks LDS | Direct | |
Sep 30, 1947 | Negro Digest criticizes Church for priesthood ban. | Negro Digest Critic Non-LDS | Direct | |
Oct 4, 1947 | GFR uses black people as cautionary tale on valiance. | George F. Richards LDS | Direct | |
Oct 8, 1947 | LN criticizes traditions of ban. | Lowry Nelson LDS | Direct | |
Nov 12, 1947 | The First Presidency warns Lowry Nelson to "re-orient your thinking." | First Presidency LDS | Direct | |
Apr 12, 1948 | J. Reuben Clark advocates segregation in blood banks "to protect the purity of the blood streams of the people of this Church." | J. Reuben Clark LDS | Direct | |
Aug 12, 1948 | HJ and RB reject notions that "white blood" differs from "black blood." | Ruth Benedict (anthropologist) Non-LDS | Reprint | |
Aug 17, 1949 | LEB produces typescript of 1949 FP statement. | First Presidency LDS Disaffected | 2nd Hand Reprint | |
Apr 6, 1950 | David O. McKay notes that individual freedom is undermined through racial animus. | David O. McKay LDS | Direct | |
Nov 20, 1950 | Chicago Daily Tribune announces that the American National Red Cross will not segregate blood. | Chicago Daily Tribune Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Jul 31, 1951 | DrWB dismisses racial identification with blood. | Dr. William Brady Non-LDS | Direct | |
Aug 17, 1951 | William E. Berrett provides expanded version of LB 1949 First Presidency statement dated August 17, 1951. | First Presidency LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Aug 17, 1951 | Berrett (1951) includes more extensive version of 1949 statement in John J. Stewart text. | First Presidency LDS | Reprint | |
Apr 4, 1952 | Eldred G. Smith notes that descendants of Cain are not eligible to receive priesthood. | Eldred G. Smith LDS | Direct | |
1953 | Masters' account of white pastor leading newly formed congregation of Black Christians. | Frank Masters Non-LDS | Secondary | |
1953 | Masters concluded that ordination of Black Baptist clergy in Kentucky began in the 1820s. | Frank Masters Non-LDS | Secondary | |
Apr 1953 | WRB notes that LDS Hospital segregates black and white blood banks. | Wallace R. Bennett LDS | Direct | |
Jan 17, 1954 | LD notes DOM lifting "black until proven white." | David O. McKay LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Mar 10, 1954 | David O. McKay alludes to lifting the "black til proven white" restriction in South Africa. | David O. McKay LDS | Direct | |
May 17, 1954 | WB inquires about ban study committee. | Wallace R. Bennett LDS | Direct | |
Aug 27, 1954 | Elder Mark E. Peterson condemns the civil rights movement and defends Latter-day Saint theology and practices related to priesthood and temple restrictions for Black Saints. | Mark E. Petersen LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
Apr 6, 1955 | Clifford E. Young celebrates lack of racial animosity in congregation in Hawaii. | Clifford E. Young LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1958 | McConkie defends priesthood ban based on scriptural interpretation. | Bruce R. McConkie LDS | Direct | |
1958 | BRM says prophets have own opinions and prejudices. | Bruce R. McConkie LDS | Direct | |
Apr 19, 1961 | Lee contests legitimacy of Able's ordination. | Harold B. Lee LDS | Direct | |
Feb 1962 | Preston Nibley republishes JS 1842 Wentworth Letter in IE, including First Vision account, in full. | Joseph Smith, Jr. LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1963 | JFS tells EE that no revelation exists on premortal explanation for ban. | Joseph Fielding Smith LDS | Scribed Paraphrase | |
Apr 10, 1963 | Joseph Fielding Smith reports that Joseph instituted priesthood and temple restriction. | Joseph Fielding Smith LDS | Direct | |
Jun 7, 1963 | Wallace Turner reports on early 1960s efforts to lift restriction. | Hugh B. Brown Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
Oct 5, 1963 | Hugh B. Brown says "load him with bitter racial prejudice and you have a Disraeli." | Hugh B. Brown LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1964 | David O. McKay approves the policy that baptisms for the dead for Black people be performed with whites as proxies "if this can be accomplished without offense." | Devery Anderson LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
1965 | PRC MA thesis including first published version of 1832 FV account. | Paul R. Cheesman LDS | Secondary | |
May 18, 1965 | LA suggests Church isn't racist for its support to other ethnic minorities. | Leon Anderson | Direct | |
Aug 17, 1965 | AD holds that Christ supersedes all racial "cursing." | Adam Duncan (Utah Executive Commission on Civil Rights) LDS | Scribed Summary Journalism | |
1966 | James B. Allen cites evidence supporting that the First Vision had relevance in the lifetime of Joseph. | James B. Allen LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Sep 1966 | ALM finds that Mormons are slightly more racist than other some other Christians. | Armand L. Mauss LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Nov 22, 1966 | Jim Todd offers analysis of ramifications of priesthood ban being lifted. | Jim Todd (Utah Daily Chronicle Columnist) | Scribed Verbatim Direct Journalism | |
Sep 29, 1967 | Ezra T. Benson says God only knows why no priesthood for "seed of Cain." | Ezra Taft Benson LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct | |
Oct 9, 1967 | Bruce R. McConkie associates black people with spiritual inferiority. | Bruce R. McConkie LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
1969 | TGM mentions institutional support behind project to catalogue known First Vision accounts. | BYU Studies LDS | Secondary | |
1969 | BYU Studies full issue of Spring 1969 devoted to First Vision accounts. | BYU Studies LDS | Secondary | |
Oct 30, 1969 | South Idaho Press writes about legal support for University of Wyoming Black football players. | South Idaho Press Non-LDS | Direct Scribed Summary Journalism | |
Nov 29, 1969 | Ernest Wilkinson maintains BYU is equitable to black students. | Ernest L. Wilkinson LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
Dec 25, 1969 | LK quotes HBB's prediction re: lifting the ban. | Hugh B. Brown Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Journalism | |
Jan 10, 1970 | N. Eldon Tanner and Hugh B. Brown sign a statement under the name of the First Presidency saying that the origins of ban are not known. | N. Eldon Tanner LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Jan 21, 1970 | SCOTUS rules that schools that segregate aren't tax-exempt. | Des Moines Tribune Non-LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Feb 14, 1970 | "Church Section" of Deseret News reports on release of Joseph Fielding Smith as Church historian/recorder in February 1970; notes he was called March 17, 1921. | Deseret News LDS | Journalism | |
Apr 1970 | JBA provides chart harmonizing First Vision accounts. | James B. Allen LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1970 | James B. Allen discusses First Vision accounts in an official Church periodical. | James B. Allen LDS | Secondary | |
Jun 21, 1970 | NYT reports on conservative/liberal discussion on priesthood restriction. | Stephen G. Taggart LDS | Direct Journalism | |
Dec 31, 1970 | The Church uses Cain justification in black ordinations in Brazil. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct | |
Mar 25, 1971 | Berry was endowed and sealed after her death. | FamilySearch LDS | Scribed Verbatim 2nd Hand | |
May 12, 1972 | Wallace Turner cites statistics regarding percentage of Mormons/non-Mormons who think blacks want to destroy Church. | Wallace Turner Non-LDS | Direct Scribed Summary Journalism | |
Jan 1973 | Lester Bush offers source on how John Taylor felt Joseph was wrong on Elijah Able's ordination. | Lester E. Bush LDS Disaffected | Secondary | |
1973 | Hugh W. Nibley concludes that the Priesthood restriction has its origin with God. | Hugh W. Nibley LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1973 | LEB writes seminal article offering critical origin analysis of priesthood/temple restriction. | Lester E. Bush LDS Disaffected | Secondary | |
May 15, 1974 | SCOTUS finds that Bob Jones University violates tax-exempt laws. | Supreme Court of the United States Non-LDS | Direct | |
Jul 24, 1974 | The Miami News write about perceived legal pressure to change church policy. | The Miami News Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Journalism | |
Dec 1974 | GML illustrates how the standardization of Sunday School was an ongoing process from the 1800s into the early 1900s. | Glen M. Leonard LDS | Direct Secondary | |
1975 | MG discusses his efforts to test his celibacy with young women. | Mahatma Gandhi Non-LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Jun 1977 | BRM tells SWK that there is no scriptural barrier to lifting the ban. | Edward L. Kimball LDS | Secondary | |
1978 | LeGrand Richards discusses the role of Brazil in Official Declaration 2. | LeGrand Richards LDS | Direct | |
Apr 1978 | Newell Bringhurst argues that the origins of the priesthood ban are unclear. | Newell G. Bringhurst LDS Disaffected | Direct Secondary | |
Jul 23, 1978 | Concerned Latter-day Saints and Joseph LeMoine Jensen criticize the Church for lifting priesthood/temple restrictions. | Concerned Latter-day Saints LDS Disaffected Critic | Direct | |
Aug 22, 1978 | TGM writes that JS saw both angels and God during the First Vision. | Truman G. Madsen LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Sep 30, 1978 | NET issues statement from the FP re: lifting the priesthood/temple restrictions. | N. Eldon Tanner LDS | Direct | |
1979 | Ronald K. Esplin states his view that Brigham's views on priesthood ban were rooted in revelation. | Ronald K. Esplin LDS | Secondary | |
1979 | Esplin concludes that Brigham's views on priesthood ban were rooted in revelation. | Ronald K. Esplin LDS | Secondary | |
1979 | Hartley writes that the main work of deacons in the late 19th century was to care for the meetinghouses. | William G. Hartley LDS | Secondary | |
1979 | Hartley writes that Amanda Chambers served as a "deaconess." | William G. Hartley LDS | Secondary | |
1979 | Joseph Freeman reports that unauthorized ordination of a Black Saint sowed division in the Genesis Group. | Joseph Freeman LDS | Direct | |
1980 | William Wilson and Richard Paulsen offer history of Mormon use of Cain account. | William Wilson LDS | Scribed Summary 2nd Hand Secondary | |
Apr 6, 1980 | BRM celebrates "seed of Cain" receiving the priesthood. | Bruce R. McConkie LDS | Direct | |
Dec 31, 1980 | AO writes letters asking for the gospel to come to Nigeria. | Anthony Obinna LDS | Direct Reprint | |
1981 | Bruce R. McConkie gives an account of the powerful confirming experience of the Twelve following Spencer W. Kimball's priesthood revelation, and its implications. | Bruce R. McConkie LDS | Direct | |
1984 | Bush cites statements of Lorenzo Snow on marriage and priesthood restrictions. | Lester E. Bush LDS | Secondary | |
Jan 1985 | MVB Jr. publishes article in Ensign on the different First Vision accounts. | Milton V. Backman, Jr. LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Jan 1986 | MVB Jr. follow-up article to Jan 1985 piece on the First Vision; details more known accounts of FV and provides additional historical context. | Milton V. Backman, Jr. LDS | Direct Secondary | |
1989 | Ralph Abernathy explains why Martin Luther King, Jr. engaged in extramarital affairs. | Ralph Abernathy Non-LDS | Direct Late | |
May 18, 1989 | MDH comments on racial attitudes during mission to Cincinnati (esp. re: L/MH). | Marion D. Hanks LDS | Scribed Verbatim Reprint | |
1993 | Stephen Ochs provides account of reaction to Father Tolton as a Black priest. | Steven Ochs Non-LDS | Secondary | |
1994 | Helvécio Martins describes experiences leading up to his call as a Seventy. | Helvécio Martins LDS | Direct | |
1995 | Francis M. Gibbons recounts the aftermath of a meeting of the First Presidency and the Twelve where LeGrand Richards saw Wilford Woodruff. | Francis M. Gibbons LDS | Secondary | |
Apr 1996 | RLA publishes article in Ensign talking about First Vision accounts; answers common criticisms, provides historical context. | Richard L. Anderson LDS | Direct Secondary | |
1997 | Johannes Glenthøj gives an analysis of possible Cain deaths. | Johannes Glenthøj Non-LDS | Secondary | |
1998 | LJA reports ASB committee finds no scriptural support for restriction. | Adam S. Bennion LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
1998 | EBF, HBB's grandson, recounts HBB's efforts to lift the restriction. | Edwin B. Firmage LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
1998 | L. Petersen recalls his discussion with L.E. Young about a "strange account" of the First Vision. | LaMar Petersen Critic Non-LDS | 2nd Hand Late | |
May 18, 1998 | Larry Stammer provides report on initial efforts to repudiate the ban. | Larry Stammer Non-LDS | Scribed Verbatim Journalism | |
May 19, 1998 | FP/Q12 deny existence of proposal for repudiating ban. | First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles LDS | Journalism | |
1999 | Christopher Beckham cites Frank Masters' statement that ordination of Black Baptist clergy in Kentucky began in the 1820s. | Frank Masters Non-LDS | Secondary | |
1999 | Christopher Beckham cites Frank Masters' account of a white pastor leading a newly formed congregation for Black Christians. | Frank Masters Non-LDS | Secondary | |
Oct 19, 1999 | In 1999, RJ recalls DOM saying Lord told him not to inquire about ban further. | Richard W. Jackson LDS Disaffected | Reprint 3rd Hand Late | |
2000 | Harvey notes that self-governance for separate Black Baptist congregations took root in the South after 1865. | Paul Harvey Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2000 | History of the Cain-as-cursed-wanderer motif. | Liturgical Press Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2001 | HALOT entry for ʾāreṣ. | Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner Non-LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2001 | Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament entry for kōl giving its various definitions. | Ludwig Koehler Non-LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2001 | CES teacher's manual that recommends scholarship on First Vision. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2002 | Susan and Harvey Black discuss how Able participated in baptisms for the dead in Nauvoo. | Susan Easton Black LDS | Direct Reprint | |
2002 | Stephen Haynes argues that associating Biblical curse language with Black people was common in the mid-nineteenth-century. | Stephen R. Haynes Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2002 | Hayes describes widespread explanation for black skin and slavery in the 1830's based on Noah's curse of Canaan. | Stephen R. Haynes Non-LDS | Direct | |
2003 | Joseph highlights Lemuel Hayne's criticism of Canaan myth. | John Saillant Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2003 | Chpt 3 in CES manual references 1832 and 1838 First Vision accounts. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2003 | JS summarizes LH's work as a Congregationalist minister. | John Saillant Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2004 | Non-LDS scholar SP discusses First Vision. | Stephen Prothero Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2005 | Edward L. Kimball recounts Spencer W. Kimball's prayers in the temple and consultation with the First Presidency and the Twelve in the months prior to the announcement of the revelation on the priesthood. | Edward L. Kimball LDS | Secondary | |
2005 | RDD, SKB, and MDR identify "seed of Cain" with "skin pigmentation." | Richard D. Draper LDS | Secondary | |
2006 - | Donald Mayne reports on a First Presidency discussion to determine whether the son of Harriet Church could receive the priesthood. | Donald Mayne LDS | Secondary | |
2006 | Connell O'Donovan writes regarding Q. Walker Lewis's passing. | Connell O'Donovan Excommunicated | Secondary | |
2008 | Mark E. Peterson notes an article that traces Priesthood ban to Brigham Young rather than Joseph Smith. | Mark E. Petersen LDS | 2nd Hand Late Secondary | |
2008 | Richard Newman's biography highlights RA's experience with integrated Methodist revivals. | Richard S. Newman Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2008 | Richard S. Newman describes RA's departure from St. George's Church. | Richard S. Newman Non-LDS | Secondary | |
2008 | Matthew Bowman writes on Bigfoot/Cain connection. | Matthew Bowman LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Mar 28, 2009 | O'Donovan reports that Joseph Taylor writes to John Taylor about Laura Berry passing as white. | Joseph Taylor LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Mar 28, 2009 | Connell O'Donovan summarizes interracial marriage incident involving Laura Jane Berry. | Joseph Taylor LDS | Secondary | |
Mar 28, 2009 | Connell O'Donovan provides account of interracial marriage in the 19th-century Church. | Connell O'Donovan Excommunicated | Secondary | |
2010 | J. Reuben Clark told that transfused blood disintegrates rapidly. | J. Reuben Clark LDS | Direct Reprint | |
2010 | J. Reuben Clark told by doctors that LDS Hospital segregated blood and that blood changes after a certain amount of time. | J. Reuben Clark LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Jun 2010 | TG explains when ARC desegregated blood. | Thomas Guglielmo Non-LDS | Direct Reprint Secondary | |
Jun 2010 | TG summarizes GCR statement on ARC refusing blood plasma from Black donors. | Thomas Guglielmo Non-LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2012 | Joseph Smith Papers Editors explain the document history of the 1832 First Vision account. | The Joseph Smith Papers LDS | Secondary | |
2013 | Genesis 10:15–20 (KJV) outlines the lineage of Ham and Canaan. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | 2nd Hand | |
2013 | Official Declaration 2 describes the events that marked the official end to the priesthood ban. | Spencer W. Kimball LDS | Direct | |
2013 | Noah was ordained to the priesthood by Methuselah. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Standard Works | |
2013 | Gospel of Matthew records Jesus mentioning Noah (Noe) and the Flood; likens it to 2nd Coming. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Genesis 6 (KJV), narrating prelude to the Flood. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Genesis 7 (KJV), narrating account of the Flood. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Genesis 8 (KJV), narrating the Flood. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Moses 8:8–30, the PoGP account of the life of Noah. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | 2 Peter 2:4–5 (KJV), mentions Noah as preacher of righteousness, and the flood upon the world. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | 1 Peter 3:18–21 (KJV) makes reference to Noah and eight others being save from the Flood, which is likened unto baptism. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Jesus mentions condition of the earth at the time of Noah (Noe). | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Moses 7:42–46, account in the PoGP records Enoch seeing the Flood and Noah in vision. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Genesis 5:28–32 (KJV), narrating birth and life of Noah. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Genesis 9 (KJV), narrating the post-Flood life and death of Noah. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | Hebrews 11:6–7 (KJV), mentions Noah being warned by God of the Flood. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct Translation Standard Works | |
2013 | L. Petersen recounts L.E. Young's examination of a "strange account" of the First Vision. | LaMar Petersen Critic Non-LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Feb 1, 2013 - | Connell O'Donovan writes that Hyrum Barton was excommunicated for his illicit marriage to Laura Jane Berry. | Connell O'Donovan Disaffected Critic | Direct | |
Feb 21, 2013 | Armand Mauss discusses efforts to campaign church leadership to repudiate ban. | Armand L. Mauss LDS | Direct Reprint | |
Feb 21, 2013 | Armand L. Mauss provides background leading to ban repudiation campaign. | Armand L. Mauss LDS | Direct Late | |
Dec 1, 2013 | In the Gospel Topics Essay, the Church denounces past theories and racism. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Direct | |
2014 | S. Larson argues that J.F. Smith hid the 1832 First Vision account. | Stan Larson LDS | Secondary | |
2015 | Reeve discusses historical reasons for the priesthood ban. | W. Paul Reeve LDS | Direct | |
2017 | Thomas S. Monson recalls the organization and early days of the Genesis Group. | Thomas S. Monson LDS | Direct | |
2018 | ROB explains lack of documentation for JS's early visions, discusses reasons for that. | Ronald O. Barney LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2019 | Reiter states that eight Black Saints participated in baptisms for the dead in 1875. | Tonya S. Reiter LDS | Secondary | |
2019 | Jane Manning James is "attached as a Servitor for eternity to the Prophet Joseph Smith" in the Salt Lake Temple. | Quincy Newell Non-LDS | Reprint Secondary | |
2019 | Jane Manning James receives a patriarchal blessing from John Smith in 1889. | John Smith LDS | Reprint | |
2019 | Jane Manning James receives a patriarchal blessing from Hyrum Smith in 1844. | Hyrum Smith LDS | Reprint | |
2019 | Jane Manning James performs baptisms for the dead in 1888 and 1894. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | Secondary | |
2019 | Tonya Reiter describes how Samuel and Amanda Chambers arrange for a Norwegian temple worker to serve as proxies in baptisms for the dead for their friends and relatives. | Tonya S. Reiter LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2019 | Tonya S. Reiter describes register of white proxies and Black Saint requestors for baptisms for the dead. | Tonya S. Reiter LDS | Journalism | |
Jan 2019 | "Mormon Stories" article argues that the evidences supports Joseph Fielding Smith, or someone under his charge in the Church Historian's Office, tearing out the 3 pages of Letterbook 1. | Mormon Stories Critic | Direct | |
Jun 2019 | David J. Garrow summarizes allegations against Martin Luther King re: alleged rape. | David J. Garrow Non-LDS | Secondary | |
Aug 5, 2019 | Church historian Snow comments on writing of race/priesthood essay. | Steven E. Snow LDS | Scribed Verbatim | |
2020 | Jane Elizabeth Manning James performs baptisms for family members in the Logan and Salt Lake temples. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | 2nd Hand | |
2020 | Jane Elizabeth Manning James performs baptisms for family members in the Logan and Salt Lake temples. | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS | 2nd Hand | |
Jan 5, 2020 | RJ and SM discuss JS writing and record-keeping habits. | Spencer McBride LDS | Scribed Verbatim Direct Secondary | |
Apr 18, 2020 | Robert M. Bowman Jr., argues that Joseph Fielding Smith knew about the 1832 First Vision account and he wanted "to be made public quietly under the most favorable possible circumstances." | Robert M. Bowman, Jr. Critic Non-LDS | Direct | |
2021 | Church History Library policy generally prohibits release of sacred, private, and/or confidential information. | Church History Library LDS | Direct | |
2021 | JSPP editors on JS needing to use scribes. | The Joseph Smith Papers LDS | Direct Secondary | |
2021 | RSJ explores possible reasons why JS was reluctant to record visionary experiences, or at least why he hesitated to record them. | Robin Scott Jensen LDS | Direct Secondary | |
Jan 15, 2021 | The 1880 U.S. Census lists Rebecca Meads as white. | Joseph Forman LDS | Holograph | |
Jan 19, 2022 | Family Search records show that Rebecca Meads was endowed and sealed in 1863. | FamilySearch LDS | Direct | |
Jan 19, 2022 | Nelson Ritchie endowed and sealed after his death. | FamilySearch LDS | Secondary | |
Jan 19, 2022 | Family Search records show that Johanna Provis was endowed and sealed. | FamilySearch LDS | Direct | |
Jan 19, 2022 | Family Search records that Harriet Church was baptized in 1876; endowed and sealed in 1903. | FamilySearch LDS | Secondary | |
Jan 19, 2022 | 1850 U.S. Census lists Harriet Church as an enslaved seven-year-old. | The National Archives and Records Administration Non-LDS | Holograph | |
Jan 20, 2022 | Family Search records that Sarah Hofheintz was endowed and sealed to spouse in 1845 and 1855. | FamilySearch LDS | Direct | |
Jun 23, 2022 | William Knopp was sealed to his parents and his first wife, Jane Vale on April 29, 1845. | FamilySearch LDS | Secondary |