DNA and the Book of Mormon

129 Primary Sources

Date
Summary
1840

Orson Pratt lays out a hemispheric geography for the Book of Mormon.

1888

George Reynolds argues for a hemispheric geography model for the Book of Mormon.

1909

B. H. Roberts writes on the possibility of non-Book of Mormon peoples migrating to ancient America.

1917

Louis Edward Hills (RLDS) argues for a limited geography for the Book of Mormon in Mexico and Guatemala.

1920

Introductory material to the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon.

Dec 1921

Janne M. Sjodahl writes that the BOM allows for other migrations of people to ancient America.

1927

Janne M. Sjodahl writes that the Book of Mormon does not claim Native Americans descend solely from Lehi.

Sep 1927

Janne M. Sjodahl reviews common BOM geography theories of his day in the early 20th century.

Apr 1929

Ivins acknowledges the possibility of non-Lehite people in ancient America.

1937

John A. Widtsoe and Franklin S. Harris Jr., write that the BOM allows for other non-Lehite peoples to be present in ancient America.

1938

Berrett writes in Church textbook that the BOM allows for other non-Lehite migrations to America.

1940

Roy A. West writes in Church textbook that the BOM is not a history of all of ancient America.

Aug 1950

Antoine R. Ivins questions whether modern Lamanites are universally descended from Laman and Lemuel.

May 1952

Nibley writes that the BOM allows for other non-Lehites in ancient America.

1958

Bruce R. McConkie writes that other migrations of people to America happened anciently.

1961

Ariel L. Crowley writes in 1961 that modern Native Americans are of mixed ancestry.

1967

Hugh W. Nibley argues for a limited geography for the Book of Mormon and a more complex racial makeup of Book of Mormon peoples.

1975

Richard L. Evans says the Book of Mormon peoples are among the ancestors of modern Native Americans.

Dec 1975

Lane Johnson discusses Lamanite identity; says non-Book of Mormon peoples may be included among the Lamanites' ancestors.

Jun 1976

Jeffrey R. Holland says that the American continent was empty until the arrival of Book of Mormon peoples.

Nov 1976

Ross T. Christensen writes that not all modern Native Americans are necessarily ethnic Lamanites.

1981

Introduction to 1981 official edition of the Book of Mormon.

Oct 1981

Bruce T. Harper publishes details of the 1981 edition of the standard works in the Ensign.

1984

Bruce R. McConkie says the study aids published with the Book of Mormon do not determine doctrine.

Sep 1984

Part 1 of John L. Sorenson's series on the limited geography of the Book of Mormon for the Ensign.

Oct 1984

Part 2 of Sorenson's series on the limited geography of the BOM for the Ensign.

1985

John L. Sorenson argues that the Book of Mormon's geography is limited and is a lineage history of a select group of people.

1990

John L. Sorenson reviews the Book of Mormon's depiction of the Mulekites, or the people of Zarahemla.

1990

John L. Sorenson reviews the history of BOM geography theories.

1992

John L. Sorenson argues that the BOM contains references to non-Lehite and non-Jaredite peoples.

1992

John L. Sorenson reviews the various populations and peoples described in the Book of Mormon.

1992

Morgan W. Tanner summarizes the Book of Mormon's depiction of Jaredites.

1992

B. H. Roberts allows for the possibility of other peoples in ancient America; notes that others in his day promoted a limited geography.

1993

Antonio Torroni et al. publish early findings of American Indian mtDNA testing; show affinities with Asian populations.

1996

Peter Forster et al. review mtDNA evidence from Native Americans.

1997

Rosaria Scozzari et al. highlight the presence of haplogroup X in North American Native American populations.

1997

James E. Smith reviews the demographic information of Book of Mormon peoples as indicated by the text.

1997

John L. Sorenson discusses what the Book of Mormon says about the composition of Lehi's family.

1998

Michael H. Crawford describes the loss of genetic variation among American Indians because of population bottlenecks.

1998

Michael H. Crawford reviews literature of the 1990s pointing to Asian origins for American Indians.

2000

John L. Sorenson writes on the limits of DNA testing in determining human population history.

2001

Brant A. Gardner argues that the BOM speaks of the presence of non-Lehites in ancient America.

2001

Dallin H. Oaks says he learned to read the Book of Mormon in a limited geography context in the 1950s during his time as a student at BYU.

2002

Thomas W. Murphy argues that DNA evidence for Native Americans renders BOM historicity implausible.

May 24, 2002

Signature Books website lists American Apocrypha as recently released in May 2002.

Dec 8, 2002

William Lobdell and Larry B. Stammer report on Thomas W. Murphy's article and potential excommunication.

2003

D. Jeffrey Meldrum and Trent D. Stephens discuss the complex issues related to Lamanite identity and DNA.

2003

John Gee and Matthew Roper argue that the Book of Mormon acknowledges non-Lehites in ancient America in light of its use of the book of Isaiah.

2003

John L. Sorenson and Matthew Roper discuss issues that need to be resolved with Book of Mormon studies before DNA evidence can be applicable.

2003

Matthew Roper reviews the population makeup of pre-Columbian America as it pertains to the BOM's depiction of Lamanites and Nephites.

2003

John M. Butler gives personal perspective on DNA and the Book of Mormon.

2003

Michael F. Whiting discusses issues that interfere with the genetics of Book of Mormon peoples.

2003

Matthew Roper argues that DNA is not dependable evidence to identify Book of Mormon peoples.

2003

Thomas W. Murphy criticizes apologetic arguments for a limited geography theory for the BOM.

2003

David A. McClellan discusses DNA and the Book of Mormon, concludes that DNA evidence is inconclusive.

2003

Maere Reidla et al. review the evidence for the origin of Haplogroup X in Native American populations.

2003

Daniel C. Peterson, as editor of FARMS Review, responds to Murphy's "Galileo Event" claims.

2003

Dean H. Leavitt, Jonathon C. Marshall, and Keith A. Crandall lay out different models for BOM geography and how DNA evidence impacts each model.

Feb 2003

Thomas W. Murphy and Simon Southerton herald their research as a "Galileo Event" for the BOM.

Jun 2003

Agnar Helgason et al. discuss the problem of correlating genetic data with geneaological information.

Nov 11, 2003

Official LDS Church statement on DNA and the Book of Mormon.

2004

Hongye Li and Marilyn J. Roossinck report on an experiment to show how genetic bottlenecks work in a virus population.

2004

Simon G. Southerton criticizes BOM historicity based on DNA evidence.

2004

Introduction to the Doubleday edition (2004) of the Book of Mormon.

2004

Matthew Roper reviews the history of the limited geography theory.

Jul 10, 2004

The Church News announces the forthcoming publication of the Doubleday edition of the Book of Mormon.

Nov 11, 2004

Moore reports on the publication of the Doubleday Book of Mormon.

2005

Ryan Parr reviews and critiques Simon Southerton's book; concludes DNA does not disprove the Book of Mormon.

May 2005

D. Michael Quinn defends Book of Mormon historicity against attacks based on DNA.

May 2005

Blake T. Ostler argues that DNA does not disprove the Book of Mormon.

Aug 5, 2005

Sidney Morning Herald reports on Simon Southerton's excommunication.

Sep 2005

Simon Southerton criticizes apologetic arguments related to DNA and the Book of Mormon.

Nov 2005

Blake T. Ostler critiques Simon Southerton's arguments that DNA disproves the Book of Mormon.

2006

Introduction to revised 2006 Doubleday edition of the Book of Mormon.

2006

David G. Stewart Jr. examines the DNA research and its application to the Book of Mormon.

2007

Erika Tamm et al. review the genetic evidence for Asian origins of earliest Native Americans.

2007

D. Jeffrey Meldrum and Trent D. Stephens write book on DNA and the Book of Mormon; conclude DNA is inconclusive evidence for or against historicity.

Nov 8, 2007

Deseret News reports the change made in the Book of Mormon introduction.

Nov 8, 2007

Salt Lake Tribune report on the change to the Book of Mormon introduction.

2008

Doron M. Behar et al. discuss the genetic profiles of Ashkenazi Jews.

2008

John-Charles Duffy reviews the historical usage of the term "Lamanite" in LDS usage.

2008

Beth Alison Schultz Shook and David Glenn Smith describe how genetic drift and population bottlenecks have affected the genome of modern Native Americans.

May 7, 2008

Liran I. Shlush et al. review current genetic profile of the Druze people in the Middle East.

2009

Bruce H. Porter and Rod L. Meldrum argue that Haplogroup X is evidence for Book of Mormon historicity.

2009

Bruce H. Porter and Rod L. Meldrum use Haplogroup X to link the Hopewell peoples with the Book of Mormon.

2009

Mannis van Oven and Manfred Keyser publish a complete (as of 2009) mtDNA chart for human populations.

2009

Rod L. Meldrum argues that Haplogroup X is evidence for the Book of Mormon.

2009

Ugo A. Perego et al. discuss DNA evidence for early migrations into America.

2009

Bruce H. Porter and Rod L. Meldrum review the DNA controversy pertaining to the Book of Mormon.

2010

Ugo Perego reviews DNA evidence of Native American peoples and discusses how it relates to the BOM.

2010

Ugo A. Perego et al. review DNA evidence for the earliest population of ancient America.

2010

Gregory L. Smith reviews Rod Meldrum's DNA arguments and the Heartlander model.

2011

Meldrum argues that DNA evidence locates the Lamanites in North America.

2011

Ugo Perego reviews DNA and BOM question, concludes DNA science cannot settle the issue.

2012

Rem I. Sukernik et al. review haplogroups of Siberia, note presence of haplogroup X.

2013

Michael R. Ash argues that non-Lehite peoples are mentioned in the Book of Mormon.

2013

Official report of adjustments made to the 2013 edition of the standard works.

2013

Introduction to official 2013 edition of the Book of Mormon.

2013

Book of Mormon (Ether 15) describes the destruction of the Jaredites.

2013

Mormon describes the destruction of the Nephites.

2013

John L. Sorenson reviews DNA question; concludes DNA cannot be used to prove or disprove Book of Mormon.

2013

Signature Books website collects opinions on the issue of DNA with a hypothetical question.

2013

Michael R. Ash summarizes LDS apologetic position on DNA and the Book of Mormon issue.

2014

Ugo A. Perego and Jayne E. Ekins argue that DNA neither confirms nor disconfirms the Book of Mormon.

Feb 13, 2014

Jennifer A. Raff and Deborah A. Bolnick review the genetic evidence for the earliest American migrations.

2015

Stephen Leslie et al. review complex genetic background of migrates to ancient Great Britain.

2015

Jennifer A. Raff and Deborah A. Bolnick review the evidence for haplogroup X2a; conclude it does not lend support to theory of migration from Near East to America.

Mar 18, 2015

Andy Coghlan summarizes current genetic data on the ancient peoples of Great Britain.

2016

Ugo A. Perego writes summary article on DNA and the Book of Mormon, says current evidence is inconclusive.

2016

Study by Bastien Llamas et al. notes the likelihood of significant loss of genetic diversity in America upon European contact.

May 15, 2017

Ann Gibbons discusses the discord between genetic and geneaological data in reconstructing human ancestry.

Aug 9, 2017

Jennifer Raff reviews conflicting genetic evidence for the ancient inhabitants of Great Britain.

2018

S. Sunna Ebenesersdóttir et al. publish new data showing rapid genetic drift among Icelandic population.

2018

David R. Hocking argues that DNA evidence confirms the Heartland model of BOM geography.

May 31, 2018

Michael Price reviews recent study of Iceland population showing rapid genetic drift.

2019

Michal Feldman et al. review case of missing Philistine DNA in later population.

2019

Ann Gibbons summarizes evidence of loss of genetic signature in Iron Age Philistines.

2019

LDS Church Gospel Topics essay on Book of Mormon geography.

2020

Elizabeth Fenton reviews the DNA controversy from a non-LDS perspective.

2020

2020 article by Thomas W. Murphy and Angelo Baca responding to (and criticizing) the LDS Church Gospel Topics essay.

2021

Robert V. Davis reviews the genetic studies done on Native American origins.

2021

Alan R. Templeton explains concepts of genetic drift, genetic bottleneck, and founder effect.

2022

Thomas W. Murphy, Simon G. Southerton, and Angelo Baca criticize the Heartlander use of Kennewick Man.

2022

Jennifer Raff reviews the evidence as of 2022 for the genetic history of American Indians.

2023

LDS Gospel Topics essay on DNA and the Book of Mormon.

2023

Nature website explains what a population bottleneck is.

2023

UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology describes the founder effect and genetic bottlenecks.

2023

Nature website defines concept of genetic drift.

May 4, 2023

Charles Rotimi defines "genetic drift."