Matthew Roper reviews the population makeup of pre-Columbian America as it pertains to the BOM's depiction of Lamanites and Nephites.
Matthew Roper, "Nephi’s Neighbors: Book of Mormon Peoples and Pre-Columbian Populations," FARMS Review 15, no. 2 (2003): 91–128
The Book of Mormon describes the migration of three colonies from the Old World to the New. Two of these were small Israelite groups that migrated to an American land of promise around 600 B.C. Many Latter-day Saint scholars interpret the Book of Mormon as a record of events that occurred in a relatively restricted region of ancient Mesoamerica. During and after those events, according to this view, peoples from this area—including some descendants of Book of Mormon peoples—may have spread to other parts of the Americas, carrying with them some elements of Mesoamerican culture. These Latter-day Saint scholars also believe that pre-Columbian populations of the Americas include within their ancestry many groups other than those small colonies mentioned in the Book of Mormon.