Utah Gender Wage Gap

98 Primary Sources

Date
Summary
Jan 9, 1868

Deseret Evening News reports that the "people of Utah are not afraid of the the consequences of giving the women of the Territory the right to vote."

Mar 17, 1869

Deseret Evening News calls women's suffrage "a most excllent" plan.

Sep 16, 1869

Crawfordsville Journal reports that nearly half the students at the University of Deseret in 1869 are women.

Jan 14, 1870

Eliza R. Snow affirms women's positions in Utah at an 1870 protest meeting.

Jan 23, 1870

News story on SLC women assembly and the "brains and tongues" of Mormon women.

Feb 8, 1870

Deseret Evening News declares itself "a decided advocate of the rights of women."

Feb 23, 1870

The Evening Star reports on Seraph Young and other women voting in 1870 Utah election.

Feb 23, 1870

News report of Seraph Young and other women voting in 1870 Utah election.

1871

Brigham Young states that women should "have the privilege to study" and "are useful not only to. . .raise babies."

Oct 1978

Spencer W. Kimball acknowledges that "some mothers are faced with the added responsibility of earning a living"; says Church has to still teach "the ideal of the Latter-day Saint family."

Oct 1978

First Presidency in 1978 reaffirms opposition to ERA.

Mar 1979

Spencer W. Kimball states that women should "take care of the family" and not "earn the living, except in unusual circumstances."

Oct 1979

Spencer W. Kimball teaches that women may work "because of circumstances beyond their control"; Women should "pursue and...achieve...education."

Nov 1981

Ezra Taft Benson calls it a "misguided idea that a woman should leave the home."

Feb 22, 1987

Ezra Taft Benson states that "widowed and divorced" women may have to work, but man should be the breadwinner.

Sep 23, 1995

Text of "The Family: A Proclamation to the World" issued by the Church (September 1995).

Oct 1996

Richard G. Scott says that parents should "Work together to keep Mother in the home."

1997

Chris Rigby Arrington explains that Utah had more women studying medicine than any other state/territory in the late 19th century.

May 1997

Ensign bio of Sheri Dew lists her professional career.

Oct 1, 2000

Federal Reserve study finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is much smaller than the raw wage gap.

Apr 1, 2001

Wall and Reed discuss gender wage discrimination; agree that "not all of the wage gap is attributable to outright wage discrimination."

Apr 6, 2006

Church Newsroom lists Wendy Nelson's professional career.

2007

Utah legislative rosters list Orson Pratt as the Speaker of the Utah House of Representatives in 1870.

Apr 2007

Gordon B. Hinckley instructs the young women to "get all of the education you can."

Oct 2007

Thomas S. Monson encourages the Relief Society to pursue education and secular learning.

2008

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology study finds that sex differences in personality traits are larger in more egalitarian cultures.

Jan 12, 2009

US Department of Labor states that the unadjusted gender wage gap can be "used in misleading ways".

2010

Charles Wheelan explains the economic incentives and rationale behind gender discrimination.

2010

American Economic Journal: Applied Economics study finds that male MBAs work more hours than female MBAs.

Sep 28, 2010

Furchtgott-Roth reviews the literature on the gender wage gap; states that proper adjustments significantly shrink the gap.

2011

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis report concludes that "the raw gender gap is the improper indicator" for policy decisions.

2012

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology study finds that sex ratios influence women's career decisions.

2012

Journal of Human Capital study finds that female physicians work fewer hours than male physicians.

2013

The Journal of Positive Psychology study finds that parents who spend more time taking care of children have more meaningful (not necessarily happier) lives.

2013

Social Psychological and Personality Science study finds that child-centric parents experience greater meaning and positive affect when taking care of their children.

Jan 2013

Psychological Science study finds that parents have higher levels of happiness and meaning than non-parents.

Mar 2013

A.S.I.A Women’s Conference bio of Susan Gong lists her professional career.

Oct 8, 2013

Pew Research reports that parents find child-care experiences more meaningful than paid work.

Oct 16, 2013

W. Bradford Wilcox discusses the link between Salt Lake's civil society and economic mobility.

2014

American Economic Review study finds that the gender wage gap is largely due to hours worked.

2014

American Sociological Review study finds that men engage in more overwork than women.

2016

Review of Economics of the Household study finds "that parents do not experience an absolute drop in happiness and are becoming happier relative to their childless peers."

2016

Korn Ferry study finds that controlling for job level, company, and function reduces the gender pay gap to under 2 percent.

2016

Gallup data indicates that most working mothers would prefer to stay home with their children.

2016

Thomas C. Leonard provides the history of how the minimum wage was used to crowd out women from the labor force.

Mar 23, 2016

Glassdoor report finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is significantly smaller than the raw wage gap.

Oct 12, 2016

St. Louis Fed study notes that different life choices between men and women lead to different wage outcomes.

2017

Susan R. Madsen et al. provide an overview of the gender wage gap in the U.S. and Utah specifically.

2017

International Journal of Psychology study finds that gender differences are larger in countries with greater gender egalitarianism.

2017

Journal of Economic Literature study finds that government antidiscrimination efforts did not reduce the gender pay gap; gender differences in occupation and and industries biggest reason for gap.

Aug 27, 2017

Deseret News article summarizes the debate and evidence surrounding Utah's gender wage gap.

Oct 2017

2017 report from the Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute finds that Utah has the highest total fertility rate in the nation.

Oct 2017

Journal of Political Economy study finds that male lawyers bill more hours than female lawyers.

2018

International Center for Law and Religion Studies bio of Ruth Lybbert Renlund lists her professional career.

2018

Psychological Science study finds that greater national gender equality is associated with greater gender disparities in STEM fields.

2018

Payscale report lists Louisiana and Alabama as the states with the highest adjusted gender pay gaps.

Feb 2018

Quarterly Journal of Economics study finds that female college grads prefer greater work flexibility and job stability to higher earnings.

Aug 2018

Quarterly Journal of Economics study finds that growing up in Salt Lake City increases children's upward income mobility.

Oct 19, 2018

Science study finds that greater gender equality is associated with greater gender differences in preferences.

2019

Katherine Kitterman and Rebekah Ryan Clark summarize the history of Utah women's suffrage.

2019

Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser for Our World in Data provide an overview of gender wage gap.

Feb 14, 2019

Joint Economic Committee report shows Utah to rank the highest social capital in the nation.

Jun 4, 2019

Wendy Wang analyzes data that show breadwinning mothers/wives have lower family satisfaction.

Dec 2019

International Journal of Psychology study replicates findings that sex differences in personality are larger in countries with greater gender egalitarianism.

Dec 3, 2019

Church spokesman states that the Church opposes recent ERA proposal.

2020

Natalie Gochnour reviews research on Utah's economic mobility and social capital.

2020

U.S. Census Bureau data show that Utah has the second lowest Gini coefficient in the nation.

2020

Fatma Abdel-Raouf and Patricia M. Buhler explain the adjusted and unadjusted gender wage gap.

2020

Journal of Population Economics study on the gender wage gap using a number of different matching techniques to obtain estimates of the gap.

Jan 5, 2020

SLT reports on Utah's LDS population.

Jul 2020

Utah report provides overview of gender wage gap in Utah along with recommendations for closing it.

Oct 1, 2020

Brookings Institution report discusses the link between income mobility and marriage in SLC.

2021

National Center for Education Statistics shows that 14.7% of bachelor's degree recipients in the U.S. in 1869-70 were female.

2021

Academy of Management Journal study shows that religiosity has an impact on the gender wage gap.

Jan 7, 2021

Becky Jacobs uses recent research to argue that the LDS Church has an impact on Utah's gender wage gap.

Mar 3, 2021

SLC Council/Payfactors report finds that the gender wage gap among SLC employees is "justifiable."

May 18, 2021

Church bio of Sharon Eubank lists her professional career.

Jun 2021

2021 report from the Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute finds that Utah's total fertility rate (TFR) is higher than the nation's TFR.

Jun 29, 2021

Utah State university white paper recommends policies to address the gender wage gap in Utah.

Oct 2021

CGS report breaks down graduate degrees earned by men and women in 2020.

Oct 5, 2021

USU report reviews gender wage gap literature; finds that "Utah has one of the largest gender wage gaps in the nation."

Nov 4, 2021

Utah DoH reports that Utah has a higher birth rate than the U.S.

Dec 2, 2021

White paper finds that women in Utah make 25.5% less than men; recommendations include raising minimum wage, establishing stand-alone equal pay laws, and community action.

Dec 6, 2021

Susan R. Madsen explains that Utah ranks high in volunteerism and charitable givings.

Dec 14, 2021

SLT article provides an overview of both public and private means of addressing the gender wage gap in Utah.

2022

LDS statistics sheet shows the LDS population of Utah to be 66.07 percent.

2022

World Population Review reports that Utah has the highest birth rate and one of the highest fertility rates in the country.

2022

Journal of Labor Economics study finds that female union bus/train operators work less overtime and take more time-off than male operators.

2022

The Review of Economic Studies finds that long hours deter women from entering the medical profession.

Feb 7, 2022

Richard E. Turley Jr. lists Kristen M. Oaks's professional career.

Feb 28, 2022

Susan R. Madsen argues that the gender wage gap in Utah is real; shares anecdotes from women who were discriminated against.

Mar 1, 2022

Business.org website shows Utah ranking 50th in national gender wage gap.

Mar 1, 2022

U.S. Census finds that Utah has one of the highest gender wage gaps in the country.

Mar 2022

Bureau of Labor Statistics report shows a consistent "weekly hours at work" gap between men and women since the 1970s.

Sep 21, 2022

Church biography of Kristin M. Yee lists her professional career.

Sep 21, 2022

Church bio of Camille N. Johnson lists her professional career.

Sep 22, 2022

Church bio of Tracy Y. Browning lists her professional career.

Oct 2022

Ulisses Soares states that husband and wife are equal; different situations may require spouses to take on both divinely appointed roles.