Joseph Smith and Fraud Allegations

97 Primary Sources

Date
Summary
Mar 27, 1729

Benjamin Franklin, in a satircal article, discusses the practice of "money digging."

1803

1803 Law book on what judges are to do when those accused of felonies or suspicious crimes are brought before them.

1803

1803 Law book outlines what justices are to look for before convicting someone of a crime.

1803

1803 Law book on what judges are to do when those accused of felonies or suspicious crimes are brought before them.

1813

William P. Van Ness and John Woodworth provide the legal definition of "disorderly conduct" based on 1813 New York Law.

1820

1820 Ohio Lawbook on what to do when a defendent is found guilty of of a bailable offence.

Apr 23, 1822

Vermont Watchman and State Journal prints sarcastic article about money digging which was growing in popularity at the time.

Aug 3, 1822

William Cobbett, in a letter critiquing the actions of Robert Peel (British Secretary of State for the Home Department), refers to "leg bail" as something favorable given to suspects by friends in a legal case.

1825

Thomas Glasby Waterman in The Justice's Manual (1825) writes that if a defendant is found guilty a record of conviction must be produced by the judge.

1825

Thomas Glasby Waterman defines "fraud" in the 1825 The Justice's Manual.

1825

1825 Manual on New York Law Discussing Procedure for Examination of Accused and Witnesses and the Recognizance of Witnesses.

Feb 11, 1825

Windsor (Vermont) Journal publishes article recounts man from Tunbridge digging for money based on a dream.

Nov 1, 1825

Josiah Stowell et al's agreement about procedures if/when treasure is discovered during a dig.

1826

Fee bill for Philip M. De Zeng for 1826 hearing.

1826

Fee bill for Philip M. De Zeng for 1826 hearing.

Jan 3, 1826

Vermont Watchman and State Journal publishes article mocking "money diggers."

Nov 9, 1826

Judge Neely's fee bill for Joseph's 1826 hearing (written in November 1826).

Nov 9, 1826

Judge Neely's fee bill for Joseph's 1826 hearing (written in November 1826).

1828

Webster's 1828 Dictionary provides a definition of "Fraud."

1828

Webster's 1828 Dictionary's Definition of "Impostor" includes "a deceiver under a false character."

1829

"Recognisances of witnesses" is discussed in an 1829 book on New York law.

1830

Charles Putt discusses how some debtors will take "leg bail" to avoid a legal confrontation with their creditors.

1830

John B. Skillman reproduces an August 1, 1828 police report where George Lyons took "leg bail."

Feb 28, 1831

Obadiah Dogberry accuses Joseph Smith of engaging in "juggling" and using a "peep stone" to find hidden treasure.

Mar 1831

Abram W. Benton writes that Joseph was arrested and found guilty as a disorderly person but was "designedly allowed to escape."

Mar 1831

Abram W. Benton writes that Joseph was arrested and found guilty as a disorderly person but was "designedly allowed to escape."

Nov 7, 1832

New England Christian Herald prints article discussing Joseph Smith's June 1830 trial.

Nov 7, 1832

New England Christian Herald prints article discussing Joseph Smith's June 1830 trial.

Nov 16, 1832

Testimony of Josiah Stowell at Joseph's 1830 hearing.

1834

Josiah Priest reprints story of a "Mr. Ash" discovering hidden treasure in 1826.

1834

Roswell Nichols's Affidavit (1833) accusing Joseph Smith of being a money digger.

1834

Isaac Hales's affidavit from 1834 claims that Joseph worked in the company of "money diggers" in 1825.

1834

Willard Chase in his 1833 Affidavit accuses Joseph and his family of being involved in money digging in 1820s.

1834

Parley Chase's Affidavit Accusing Joseph Smith Sr. of "money digging" and that it was the Smith family's principal employment.

1834

Peter Ingersoll's Affidavit from 1833; accuses Smith family of engaging in "money digging."

1834

Alva Hale in his affidavit claims Joseph Smith admitted to them that his "peeping" was "nonsense."

1834

David Stafford's 1833 Affidavit accusing Smith family of money digging and fortune-telling.

1834

Henry Harris's affidavit from 1833 accuses the Smith family of being dedicated to money digging.

1834

The "Palmyra Affidavit" (1833) Accuses Joseph Smith and his family of money digging and of being of destitute characters.

1834

Joseph Capron's 1833 Affidavit accusing Joseph Smith of making up tales of "wonderful discoveries" and money digging.

1834

William Stafford's affidavit (1833) claims Joseph Smith and his father tried to find buried treasure using hazel rods and magic circles.

Dec 1834

Joseph admits to Oliver Cowdery in a letter that he was guilty of "many vices and follies" in his youth.

Oct 1835

Oliver Cowdery writes to W.W. Phelps referring to the 1826 hearing of Joseph and the charge he was a "disorderly person." Writes that Joseph was acquitted.

Oct 1835

Oliver Cowdery writes to W.W. Phelps referring to the 1826 hearing of Joseph and the charge he was a "disorderly person." Writes that Joseph was acquitted.

1838 - 1839

Joseph admits that, in his youth, he was guilty of "foolish errors" and the corruption/foibles of human nature.

1838 - 1839

Joseph records in his 1838 History that he was employed by Josiah Stowell in 1826; this would lead to the "very prevalent story" of his having been a "money digger."

Jul 1838

Joseph addresses the charge of his being a "money digger" in the Elders Journal (1838); writes it was not very profitable.

Jun 1839 - Oct 1839

Joseph recounts his 1830 Broome County hearing and events leading up to it.

Jun 1839 - Oct 1839

Joseph recounts his 1830 Broome County hearing and events leading up to it.

Jun 11, 1839 - Aug 24, 1843

Joseph states in his History that he committed "many foolish errors and displayed the weakness of youth."

Mar 8, 1842

Joel King Noble, in a letter to Jonathan Turner, writes that Joseph was convicted under the Vagrant act and took leg bail in 1826.

Feb 10, 1843

John S. Fullmer writes to Josiah Stowell jr to ascertain the character of Joseph and if accusations against Joseph are true.

Feb 17, 1843

Josiah Stowell jr and Josiah Stowell snr discuss character of Joseph Smith; they write that he never engaged in sleight of hand, gamble, or "black leg."

1844 - 1845

Lucy Mack Smith recounts Lucy Harris's attempt to bring legal action against Joseph for purportedly defrauding Martin Harris in March 1829.

1844 - 1845

Lucy Smith addresses charges her family engaged in magic circles, sooth saying and neglected their business.

1844

John Taylor recounts the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844.

Jun 1, 1844

John S. Reed, who served as a legal representative for Joseph Smith, recounts events leading up to the 1830 trials, and trials themselves.

Jun 1, 1844

John S. Reed, who served as a legal representative for Joseph Smith, recounts events leading up to the 1830 trials, and trials themselves.

Jun 30, 1844

The Nauvoo Neighbor Extra reports on the deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, June 27, 1844.

Jun 30, 1844

The New York Times reports on Joseph and Hyrum Smith's death on June 27, 1844.

1845

Lucy Smith recalls Josiah Stowell hiring Joseph to work in his mine and the claim he engaged in "money digging."

1847

Joseph Knight recalls Joseph's 1830 hearings and the charges being dismissed.

1847

Joseph Knight recalls Joseph's 1830 hearings and the charges being dismissed.

1855

Brigham Young claims that priests from churches near Joseph Smith were influenced by a necromancer to find treasure.

Aug 1859

Martin Harris, in an interview, recollects how Joseph Smith was told by Moroni not to continue associating with "money diggers."

May 1870

Historical Magazine prints interview of Fayette Lapham and Joseph Smith Sr. on seer stone retrieval, money-digging, and fortune-telling.

Feb 1873

Charles Marshall reprints Judge Neely's court notes, People v. Joseph Smith trial transcript.

Feb 1873

Charles Marshall reprints Judge Neely's court notes, People v. Joseph Smith trial transcript.

Jul 1875

Ole A. Jensen's account of Martin Harris recalling finding a stone box but it slipped back into the hill.

May 2, 1877

Chenango Union publishes William D. Purple's reminiscences about 1826 hearing; calls it a "trial" and that Joseph Smith was discharged and "left the town."

Jul 30, 1877

Ariel McMaster publishes an article stating that Joseph was found guilty in 1826 but was allowed to take "leg bail."

1878

Brigham Young, based on experiences of Oriin Porter Rockwell et al., shares narratives about hidden treasures and the "cave" in Cumorah containing hidden plates.

1882

Emily M. Austin Recounts Joseph Smith performing an animal sacrifice during a treasure hunt on Joseph Knight's Farm in 1826.

Jan 16, 1882

Addisson Everett recounts to Joseph F. Smith a time when Joseph Smith was taken before a judge for being a "false prophet".

1883

Daniel S. Tuttle's discussion of 1826 hearing in A Religious Encyclopaedia; claims Joseph was found 'guilty' at a trial.

Jan 1886

Utah Christian Advocate reprints the Docket Entry for State of NY vs. JS (1826).

Jan 1888

Henry A. Sayer accuses Joseph smith of being a "peeker" and engaged in deception.

Jan 1888

Cornelius Stafford, in an affidavit, states that the Smith family were all engaged in "money digging" before 1827.

Jan 1888

W.R. Hine, in a statement, writes that Joseph Smith and his father were money diggers focusing on locating Captain Kidd's hidden treasure.

Jan 1888

Isaac Butts in his affidavit claims Joseph Smith dug for money at night time in 1820s.

Apr 1888

Christopher M. Stafford, in an affidavit, accuses Joseph Smith of having engaged in money digging using a "peep stone" and once convincing Mrs. Rockwell to dig for hours.

Apr 1888

C. R. Smith in his 1885 Affidavit Testifies to the Widespread Popularity of Money Digging.

Apr 1888

Joseph Roger states Joseph directed a money digging expedition, but a witness said that the Lord chastited him for it.

1940

E. Cecil McGavin discusses the charge of Joseph Smith as a "money digger" and use of a seer stone in a work of historical fiction in 1940.

May 11, 1946

"Church Section" in Deseret News calls record of 1826 hearing/trial "spurious."

1959

Rossell Hope Robbins gives a historical over of divination, including a discussion of the use of instruments such as objects and natural phenomena.

1966

William J. Fielding discusses the practice of crystal gazing.

Jun 23, 1971

Wesley Walters explains how he found the 1826 bill.

Sep 16, 1971

James A. Hayes writes to Wesley Walters requesting bills Walters took without permission to be returned.

Oct 28, 1971

Wesley Walters's affidavit concerning his discovery of the 1826 bills; writes that they are authentic.

1973

Wesley Walters argues in the Westminster Theological Journal that Joseph Smith had a "trial" in 1826 based on evidence from bills.

1984

Richard Lloyd Anderson publishes article on Joseph Smith, money digging, and the Hurlburt Affidavits.

1990

Gordon A. Madsen's 1990 article arguing Joseph had a hearing, not trial, and was not convicted in 1826.

1991

Richard Lloyd Anderson's book review addressing the reliability of the Hurlburt Affidavits.

1992

Bentley in the Encyclopedia of Mormonism addressing the 1826 and 1830 hearings.

2000

Mark Ashurst-McGee's MA thesis on how "magic" and "money digging" informed Joseph Smith becoming a Prophet.

2003

Dan Vogel's article arguing that it was a trial, not a hearing, in 1826 and Joseph was found guilty.

2005

Richard Lyman Bushman's discussion of the 1830 hearings in his biography of Joseph Smith.

2005

Richard Lyman Bushman writes how he believes Joseph was not found guilty in 1826 hearing in his biography of Joseph Smith.

Dec 17, 2006

University of Massachusetts Website gives an overview of the "Argument from Silence."

2012

Johannes Dillinger discusses Joseph's treasure hunting in light of European and North American traditions concerning lost treasures and guardian spirit/angels.

2016

Richard Lyman Bushman discusses Joseph, Smith Money Digging, and the 1826 hearing in a book on Latter-day Saint apologetics.

2018

Arthur Chris Eccel claims that "it appears that the proceeding [in March 1826] did not lead to an actual trial."

2020

Manuel W. Pedro situates the Smith family's interest in treasure digging and other activities in light of 19th-century folk-Christianity and spirituality.

2021

Jortner provides an overview of the anti-supernatural bias of laws concerning witchcraft and how in the Post-Enlightenment era and that Smith's hearing/trial is an anomaly.

Apr 13, 2021

The Joseph Smith Papers gives an overview of Joseph's 1826 hearing.

2023

Michael R. Ash discusses the historical background of Joseph Smith's treasure hunting.