Summary—It is argued that previous techniques of aversion therapy have paid too little attention to the general body of learning theory, and a summary is given of the relevant variables. It is pointed out that anticipatory avoidance learning appears to be the training method most resistant to extinction, and a full description is given of a technique designed to enable its clinical application to the treatment of homosexuality. Some preliminary results of treatment are described, and it is concluded that the technique is most promising. Further studies are in progress. . . .

We then establish that level of shock which the patient describes as very unpleasant. Shock is increased up to this point in a step-wise manner, so as to reduce the possibility of habituation.