Historicity of Jesus

111 Primary Sources

Date
Summary
2000 BC

Egyptian hymn celebrates Osiris impregnating Isis.

134 BC

Description of the Jewish-Roman Treaty from 1 Maccabees.

134 BC

Philo's description of Pilate's offensive shields.

54 BC

Image of Osiris impregnating his bird-sister, Isis.

1 BC - 110 AD

A few Roman sources on Palestine.

26 - 36 AD

Lone inscription attesting to existence of Pontius Pilate.

50 - 60 AD

Paul (Apostle) says Jesus has a brother, James.

53 - 57 AD

Paul describes some of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances.

53 - 57 AD

Paul quotes Jesus regarding the institution of the Sacrament/Eucharist.

60 - 70 AD

Luke records that Jesus told people to share what they saw/heard.

64 - 64 AD

Paul (Apostle) discusses Jesus's conversation with Pontius Pilate.

66 - 74 AD

Mark (Apostle) recounts Jesus's interaction with Pontius Pilate.

70 - 70 AD

Mark (Traditional) manuscript offers "Longer Version" of resurrection account.

70 - 70 AD

Mark (Apostle) provides "Shorter Version" of resurrection account.

73 - 300 AD

Mara bar Serapion describes a king of the Jews who was killed soon before the kingdom of the Jews was destroyed.

80 - 80 AD

Luke records a meeting between Jesus and Herod Antipas (Luke 23:8-11).

90 - 120 AD

Suetonius alludes to Jesus in his Divus Claudius.

93 - 93 AD

Josephus references Jesus's crucifixion and ministry.

100 - 100 AD

Plutarch explains how Isis searches for body parts of Osiris.

100 - 110 AD

Tacitus' explanation for the origins of the Jewish people and the Jewish Revolt.

100 - 100 AD

Plutarch says Osiris was dismembered, Typhon/Set goes in search of corpse. Corpse remains in tomb.

116 - 116 AD

Tacitus mentions Jesus's crucifixion.

200 - 1000

Talmud includes alleged reference to Jesus.

Apr 26, 200 - Apr 26, 200 AD

Image of earliest manuscript of Tactitus' Annals 15:44.

248 - 248 AD

Origen acknowledges small size of Church in first-century Christianity.

325 - 325 AD

Luke mentions other accounts of Jesus.

325 - 325 AD

Paul recounts the institution of the Lord's supper.

325 - 400 AD

Luke (Apostle) recounts how Jesus showed himself through "infallible proofs."

1000

George Syncellus reference's Thallus' statement about the day of Jesus' death.

1112

Pliny the Younger offers account of Christian interrogation to Emperor Trajan.

1795

Constantin Francois Volney challenges the historicity of Jesus, cites lack of monuments and lack of apostolic authorship of Gospels.

1895

Josephus ends his history of the Jews and notes it is the thirteenth year of Domitian's reign.

1900

John M. Robertson maintains that humans invented Christ's identity.

1909

Arthur Drews maintains that "romantic cult" of Jesus is myth, an argument that must be made to save intellectual integrity.

1911

E.A. Wallis Budge says that resurrection was the "central hope" of Osiran religion.

1914

Loeb Classical Library description of the Codex Memmianus (the oldest extant manuscript of Suetonius' Lives of the Caesars).

Dec 1940

Narrative history of Palestine Under Rome.

1947

C.C. McCown offers estimate of Palestine population.

1953

Origen summarizes Celsus' criticism of Jesus (which presumes his existence).

1963

A.N. Sherman-White compares Herodotus to Gospels.

1978

I. Howard Marshall offers explanation of census and dating of Jesus's birth.

1982

F.F. Bruce notes that the best reading for Galatians 1:19 is one that distinguishes between "brotherhood" and apostleship.

1983

A summary of the major manuscripts of Pliny the Younger's letters.

1985

R.T. France claims the gospels are reliable.

1986

G.A. Wells denies the legitimacy of the Josephus reference as evidence for Jesus, say it's likely referencing a Jerusalem leader named James.

1987

Jonathan Z. Smith argues that the "Dying and Rising God" is generally a misunderstanding of ancient mythologies.

1992

Anchor Bible Dictionary entry for Tacitus.

1992

Anchor Bible Dictionary entry for Celsus.

1992

Anchor Bible Dictionary Entry on the historicity of Jesus.

1992

N.T. Wright maintains that Jesus needed to be historical figure to be significant in Jewish Worldview.

1992

Anchor Bible Dictionary entry for Pliny the Younger.

1992

Jack Finegan discusses the inscription from Caesarea attesting Nazareth as a town in the time of Jesus.

1992

Anchor Bible Dictionary Entry on the Dead Sea Scrolls.

1994

John Dominic Crossan asserts that the crucifixion has a high degree of historical probability.

1997

Rodney Stark provides table estimating Christian growth.

1998

Mark Allan Powell observes that there were only three significant Roman historians worthy of note in the first century.

1999

An explanation of Paleography.

1999

Mark Allan Powell provides proposed original of Josephus.

2000

Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible entry for methods of New Testament text criticism.

Jan 2000

"The Living Christ," by First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

2000

Joseph A. Fitzmyer explains absurdity of the Jesus interpretation of Dead Sea Scrolls as proposed by Barbara Thiering.

2000

Robert Van Voorst explains the history of the reference to Thallus in George Syncellus' Chronography.

2000

Albert Schweitzer rejects prevailing "liberal" image of Jesus, says Jesus is anachronistic to 20th-century.

2000

Robert E. Van Voorst gives a scholarly overview of the evidence for the historicty of Jesus from the works of Josephus.

2001

David P. Barrett and Phillip Wesley Comfort note dating of earliest known Gospel manuscripts.

2001

T.N.D. Mettinger denies that resurrection was rooted in mythological lore.

2002

Graham Stanton holds that most scholars believe Jesus was an historical figure.

Dec 4, 2002

Summary of manuscripts of Contra Celsum.

2003

Robert M. Price maintains tradition of gospels is unreliable and likely false.

2006

Barbara Thiering argues that Jesus was part of the Essene community, born in Qumran, an illegitimate child.

2006

HarperCollins Study Bible Introduction to 1 Thessalonians.

Oct 23, 2006

Britannica's summary of Palestine's importance to Rome.

2007

G.A. Wells acknowledges that he believes more in the historicity of Jesus than he once did.

2009

Thomas L. Thompson says the authors of the Gospels of Matthew, Luke, and Thomas used ancient, written wisdom literature to craft Jesus figure.

Jul 22, 2009

Cambridge University's obituary for Dr. Graham Stanton.

2012

Craig Blomberg explains form criticism origins of the Gospels.

2012

Blomberg suggests why Paul may have not referenced Jesus often in his letters.

2012

Bart Ehrman explains that Jesus is independently corroborated in several contemporary or near contemporary chronicles.

2012

Bart Ehrman maintains that Josephus problems do not negate or affirm Jesus's existence.

2013

Bart Ehrman says that all scholars accept Tacitus as referring to Jesus.

2013

Matthew 8:28-34 records the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac.

2013

John 2:1-11 records Jesus's first public miracle.

Nov 15, 2013

Bart Ehrman explains the difficulties miracles present to historians.

2014

Richard Carrier summarizes Plutarch's book on the mystery cult of Isis and Osiris; draws parallel between resurrection of Jesus and the euhemerization and resurrection of Osiris.

Feb 11, 2015

Scanned copy of Codex Parisinus Bibl. Nat. Graecus 1711 (earliest copy of George Syncellus).

Mar 4, 2015

LDS Bible Dictionary summary of the Pauline epistles.

Oct 28, 2016

Barth Ehrman states that there are 30 independent sources that corroborate the existence of Jesus.

2017

Richard Bauckham argues that Gospels represent eyewitness testimony.

2017

Daniel N. Gullotta reviews and refutes Richard Carrier's arguments for Jesus mythicism.

Dec 2, 2017

Larry Hurtado criticizes Mythical Jesus scholars for failing to prove their case.

2018

Mark Allan Powell dates Paul's visit to Thessalonica to ca. 48-52.

2019

Willem Blom defends the authenticity of Tacitus' description of Christians.

2019

William Lane Craig offers summary reason to believe Jesus was historical person.

May 2020

First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles statement on the restoration.

May 23, 2021

Bart Ehrman describes his beliefs.

2022

Westar Institute summary of the Jesus Seminar.

2022

Westar Institute summary of the first phase of the Jesus Seminar.

2023

Western Theological Seminary biography of emeritus professor Robert E. Van Voorst.

2023

Encyclopedia Britannica entry for Emperor Domitian.

2023

Ken Dark discusses the evidence for Nazareth in the first century AD.

2023

Explanation for the dating of the letter of Mara bar Serapion.

2023

Encyclopedia Britannica entry for Suetonius.

2023

Description of Suetonius' The Lives of Twelve Caesars on Simon and Schuster's website.

2023

Don Stewart explains that Jesus is not mentioned among the Dead Sea Scrolls.

2023

Luke explains why he is writing his gospel.

2023

Luke describes Jesus' final instructions to his disciples in Acts.

2023

John begins his record of Jesus.

2023

The beginning of the Gospel According to Matthew.

2023

The beginning of Jesus' ministry according to Mark.

2023

Paul quotes an early Christ hymn in his letter to the Philippians.

2024

Margaret Williams notes that we have probably lost early sources about Jesus.